tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83253441970567748732024-03-12T20:22:38.360-07:00Besteen lumazOrnitologiarekin, Euskal Herriko naturarekin zein kontserbazioarekin zerikusia duten kontuak, beste iturrietakoak. Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteak bilduak eta kudeatuak.
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Asuntos sobre ornitología, naturaleza en Euskal Herria y conservación, procedentes de terceros. Recopilados y gestionados por Itsas Enara Ornitologia ElkarteaItsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.comBlogger227125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-3232121890370532992019-05-07T04:18:00.001-07:002019-05-07T04:19:48.118-07:00“Current assault on nature is threatening human survival - transformative change is needed” | BirdLife<a href="http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/%E2%80%9Ccurrent-assault-nature-threatening-human-survival-transformative-change-needed%E2%80%9D">“Current assault on nature is threatening human survival - transformative change is needed” | BirdLife</a><br />
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<h1>
“Current assault on nature is threatening human survival - transformative change is needed”</h1>
<h2>
Unprecedented intergovernmental scientific report joins <br />
public outcry for urgent action on the biodiversity crisis, saying <br />
business as usual is no longer an option.</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="colorbox init-colorbox-processed cboxElement" href="http://www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/styles/1600/public/news/rebellionday2_marblearch_sarahcresswell_094_copy2.jpg?itok=t3s7O6Xq" rel="gallery-node-8511-9h4YifC_O2M" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="© Sarah Cresswell"><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="https://www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_1140x550/public/news/rebellionday2_marblearch_sarahcresswell_094_copy2.jpg?itok=qXcDYQAk" height="191" title="" width="400"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">© Sarah Cresswell</td></tr>
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<div class="author">
<i>By Dr Noëlle Kümpel, Head of Policy, & Dr Stuart Butchart, Chief Scientist, BirdLife</i></div>
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<div class="inner-content">
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<b>A major new global assessment provides a wake-up call to <br />
decision-makers: we are not on track to meet universal goals for <br />
biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Individual <br />
successes show that we have the knowledge and tools to turn things <br />
around, but transformative change, through stronger and sustained <br />
political commitment, is urgently needed to safeguard and restore the <br />
natural ecosystems on which we depend.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
In the UK, the brief respite from endless Brexit discussion over the <br />
Easter parliamentary recess coincided with an explosion in the public <br />
conscious of something rather more important – the state of our planet <br />
and the very survival of humanity as we know it. In recent weeks we’ve <br />
had daily news headlines on the <a href="https://rebellion.earth/">Extinction Rebellion</a> protest blocking the streets of London, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-47666007">Sir David Attenborough</a> explaining the science behind climate change on prime-time television and 16-year old climate activist <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full-speech-to-mps-you-did-not-act-in-time">Greta Thunberg</a> meeting<br />
with party leaders in Parliament, all flagging the need for urgent <br />
action to tackle the interlinked issues of climate change, biodiversity <br />
loss and ecological collapse.<br />
<br />
<br />
Across the world civil society has similarly mobilised: from school <br />
children striking for the climate in 30 countries, fellow ‘rebel’ <br />
protests from South Africa to Hong Kong to Australia, and indigenous <br />
people gathering to demand environmental protections for their <br />
territories in Brazil.<br />
<br />
<br />
To some, such protests have seemed an irritation or distraction from <br />
the realities of daily life, led by a bunch of ‘tree-huggers’ intent on <br />
disrupting ‘business as usual’. These calls are, however, joined by <br />
clear and compelling evidence from a systematic review of about <br />
15,000 scientific and government sources, compiledby nearly150 expert <br />
authors from 50 countries over three years, urging transformative change<br />
to this failed business model. It shows that ‘business as usual’ is no <br />
longer an option.<br />
<br />
<br />
Following a week-long meeting in Paris, scientists and governments <br />
have today published an unparalleled global report that finds that <br />
nature is declining at a rate that is unprecedented in human history, <br />
and that this is threatening our future because of our dependence on <br />
healthy ecosystems for most of our most basic needs, including food, <br />
water, clean air and climate control. And here’s a key point; this is <br />
not a report by ‘experts’ TO government, but a report endorsed and <br />
adopted BY governments, as members of the <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)</a> –<br />
akin to the respected and highly influential Intergovernmental Panel on<br />
Climate Change (IPCC) that informs negotiations at the UN climate <br />
change convention.<br />
<br />
<br />
The first Global Assessment from IPBES concludes that, from genes to <br />
species and ecosystems, humanity’s common heritage and safety net is <br />
declining fast. The report summarises data from IUCN and BirdLife <br />
International showing that of the species groups that have been assessed<br />
for the IUCN Red List,one in four species is <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/programmes/preventing-extinctions">threatened with extinction</a>.<br />
Extrapolating these trends across the estimated number of species in <br />
all groups, a shocking one million species may be currently threatened <br />
with global extinction.<br />
<br />
<br />
Even species that are not yet threatened have suffered substantial declines in abundance, <a href="https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/living-planet-report-2018">by 60% since 1970</a> for<br />
vertebrate species according to one indicator. And the habitats these <br />
species depend on are being lost: overall, 75% of the area of the <br />
terrestrial environment and 40% of the marine environment are severely <br />
altered by human impacts.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<figure class="figure"><img alt="© IPBES" class="img-rounded" src="https://www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/infograph-global-goals_progress2.jpg" style="width: 100%;"><figcaption class="figcaption"><i>© IPBES</i></figcaption></figure><br />
But apart from risking the loss of some of our most-loved, iconic species, <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/b-word-communicating-biodiversity-world-doesnt-care-enough">why should we really care about biodiversity</a>? The<br />
loss of species and reduction in numbers of individuals is not just of <br />
concern to academics and conservationists, but to us all. A healthy <br />
ecosystem is one that has both variety and abundance of life, and it is <br />
this delicate balance that delivers what are known as ‘ecosystem <br />
services’, such as pollination, water cycling, carbon sequestration and <br />
storage, which in turn provide us with the food, water and clean air we <br />
need to live. The more ‘biodiverse’ an ecosystem, the greater the <br />
benefits and the more likely that it will be resilient to change <br />
(including climate change) in the long term.<br />
<br />
<br />
The IPBES report therefore highlights that the loss of biodiversity <br />
also threatens our own survival and that of future generations, and is <br />
just as important as the now-famous ‘1.5-degree report’ released by the <br />
IPCC last year. Nature plays a critical role in providing food, energy, <br />
medicines, materials, sustaining the quality of air, fresh water and <br />
soils, regulating climate, and reducing the impact of natural hazards. <br />
For example, over two billion people rely on wood fuel to meet their <br />
primary energy needs. However, our assault on nature is fraying the <br />
fabric of life and eroding our economies, livelihoods, food security, <br />
health and quality of life worldwide: we are destroying our life-support<br />
system. As just one example, up to 300 million people are at increased <br />
risk of floods because of loss of coastal habitats and protection.<br />
<br />
<br />
However, the assessment provides some encouraging news too: it’s not <br />
too late to make a difference, but this will require ‘transformative <br />
change’, in other words, fundamental, system-wide reorganisation across <br />
technological, economic and social factors. The report points to the <br />
urgent need to reform perverse incentives such as <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/common-agriculture-policy-reform">subsidies for agriculture</a>,<br />
forestry or fisheries that make no sense environmentally or <br />
economically. For example, finance that promotes deforestation outpaces <br />
that for protection by 40:1. It emphasises the need for developing <br />
integrated management of landscapes that takes into account the <br />
trade-offs between food and energy production, infrastructure, <br />
freshwater and coastal management, and nature conservation.<br />
<br />
<br />
At BirdLife International, based on our globally-recognised science, <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/sowb2018">such as State of the World’s Birds</a>,<br />
we’ve long been advocating for recognition of the magnitude of <br />
biodiversity declines and the seriousness of these for people and <br />
sustainable development, including in <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/policy/our-global-policy-work">international policy processes</a> such<br />
as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Ramsar Convention<br />
on Wetlands and the Convention on Biological Diversity. We’ve also been<br />
developing and implementing innovative solutions to these issues. In <br />
Indonesia, BirdLife and its Partner, Burung, developed the <a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/innovation-in-the-protection-of-forests-in-indonesia">Ecosystem Restoration Concession</a> concept,<br />
which restores logged or degraded forest for climate change mitigation <br />
and other ecosystem services as well as biodiversity conservation, and <br />
has now been taken up <a href="https://partnershipsforforests.com/partnerships-projects/ecosystem-restoration-concessions/">nationally</a>. Our <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/forest-governance">Asia-Pacific Forest Governance</a> project<br />
is empowering local people in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and <br />
Papua New Guinea to manage and protect their own forests through actions<br />
to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation <br />
(REDD+). And the <a href="https://www.trilliontrees.org/">Trillion Trees</a> initiative aims to keep existing trees standing and restore tree cover for a trillion trees around the world by 2050. We’re <a href="http://climatechange.birdlife.org/solutions/nature-based-solutions-link-well-being-livelihoods-and-the-natural-world/">working with local people around the world</a> to safeguard a whole range of coastal and inland wetlands, drylands, grasslands, and marine ecosystems too.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>A key part of the IPBES Global Assessment</b> is its <br />
evaluation of progress towards the goals adopted by governments: the <br />
‘Aichi Biodiversity Targets’ for 2020 adopted through the Convention on <br />
Biological Diversity, and the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 <br />
adopted through the United Nations (co-led by BirdLife’s Chief <br />
Scientist, Dr Stuart Butchart). The report concludes that we are <br />
unlikely to meet most of the Aichi Targets, with good progress made <br />
towards elements of just four of the 20 Aichi Targets. One of these <br />
relates to increasing the coverage of protected areas, which has now <br />
reached 15% of terrestrial and freshwater environments and 7% of the <br />
marine realm. However, these only partly cover areas of particular <br />
importance for biodiversity such as Key Biodiversity Areas, and many are<br />
not yet effectively managed. Similarly, while some species have been <br />
brought back from the brink of extinction (contributing towards a target<br />
on preventing extinctions), species are moving towards extinction at an<br />
increasing rate overall for all taxonomic groups with known trends.<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, more progress has been made in adopting and/or <br />
implementing policy responses and actions to conserve and use nature <br />
more sustainably than in addressing the drivers of biodiversity loss. As<br />
a result, the state of nature overall continues to decline. Given that <br />
nature and its contributions to people underpin the achievement of many <br />
of the Sustainable Development Goals, either directly or indirectly, the<br />
ongoing loss of biodiversity is hampering progress towards these goals,<br />
including those related to poverty, hunger, health, water, cities, <br />
climate, oceans and land.<br />
<br />
<br />
To support governments and others achieve greater progress towards <br />
several of the goals and targets, BirdLife has been working in <br />
partnership with other leading conservation organisations to identify <br />
the most important sites for biodiversity globally – <a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/">Key Biodiversity Areas</a> (KBAs),<br />
as mentioned above. These are locations that are important for <br />
threatened or geographically restricted species or ecosystems, or for <br />
ecological or evolutionary processes. Many governments have used <br />
information on these sites to target expansion of their protected area <br />
networks, but many KBAs still have no or ineffective protection and are <br />
not adequately conserved. KBAs should be a particular focus for <br />
improved targets to protect and safeguard nature, as part of a wider <br />
mission to start to restore nature by 2030 under the new global <br />
framework for biodiversity that will be signed by governments in China <br />
next year.<br />
<br />
<br />
Next year, 2020, will be a critical year for both nature and climate,<br />
with national climate action plans and the biodiversity-related <br />
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also being updated. The post-2020 <br />
UN biodiversity framework must be transformational in mobilising a move <br />
from ‘business as usual’ and improving synergies with the climate and <br />
sustainable development agendas, recognising that healthy economies and <br />
societies are underpinned by healthy natural systems. There is still <br />
time to act, but not much, so urgent, strong and sustained political and<br />
societal efforts are needed.<br />
<br />
<br />
The evidence is clear; we cannot continue to run-down nature without <br />
leaving the world in a dangerous state for future generations. With the <br />
loss of many of our most treasured ecosystems and species, our wonderful<br />
planet would be surely a less joyful as well as less liveable place.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr />
<b><i>Birdlife’s role in developing and translating the science behind the report</i></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>BirdLife’s data have underpinned many aspects of the report, from<br />
our assessments of the extinction risk of the world’s birds and trends <br />
in these (tracked by the Red List Index), to our identification of the <br />
most important sites worldwide for nature (Important Bird and <br />
Biodiversity Areas, and other Key Biodiversity Areas) and progress in <br />
conserving these.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>One of the Coordinating Lead Authors of the Global Assessment is <br />
BirdLife International’s Chief Scientist, Dr Stuart Butchart, who co-led<br />
Chapter 3, which assesses progress towards the goals and objectives of <br />
various intergovernmental agreements. These include the Aichi Targets of<br />
the Strategic Plan on Biodiversity 2011-2020, adopted through the <br />
Convention on Biological Diversity, the Sustainable Development Goals, <br />
and a range of other biodiversity-relevant agreements, including the <br />
Convention on Migratory Species, the Ramsar Convention on wetlands and <br />
the World Heritage Convention.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><i>Quotes for press:</i></b><br />
<br />
<br />
Dr Noëlle Kümpel, BirdLife’s Head of Policy, says:<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>“In recent weeks, the news headlines have been full with the <br />
likes of Greta Thunberg and Sir David Attenborough calling for urgent <br />
action to tackle the interlinked issues of climate change, biodiversity <br />
loss and ecological collapse. Riding this wave of public awareness <br />
comes this unprecedented global report, not just by ‘experts’ such as <br />
BirdLife but from the 130 government members of IPBES, providing <br />
irrefutable evidence that we are losing biodiversity and natural <br />
ecosystems at a rate that threatens our very survival. But there is <br />
still time to turn this around; we’re working with national partners <br />
around the world to save sites and species and to get much better <br />
recognition of the role of nature in sustainable development, so that <br />
governments agree and critically implement a truly transformational <br />
UN-wide plan for biodiversity in China next year.”</i><br />
<br />
<br />
Dr Stuart Butchart, BirdLife's Chief Scientist and co-lead author of Chapter 3 of the report, says:<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>"From genes to species and ecosystems, nature is declining faster<br />
than at any time in human history. This threatens our survival because <br />
healthy ecosystems underpin our societies, from regulating our climate <br />
to pollinating our crops. We are eroding our economies, livelihoods, <br />
food security, health and quality of life worldwide through this <br />
destruction of our life-support system. Fortunately we still have time <br />
to turn these trends around, but it will take transformative changes, <br />
from reforming perverse subsidies to integrated management of the <br />
oceans. The negotiations were tortuous at times, but word by word, <br />
sentence by sentence, governments adopted text that spells out how the <br />
current assault on nature is threatening human survival, and that only <br />
by making these transformative changes can we turn this around.”</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-66169415821106279622015-08-21T01:30:00.001-07:002015-08-21T01:30:11.470-07:00Worsening wind forecasts could signal stormy times ahead for seabirds<br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); color: white; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'Century Gothic', Gotham, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica; font-size: 32px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67.1999969482422px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">Worsening wind forecasts could signal stormy times ahead for seabirds</span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news-and-media/news/worsening-wind-forecasts-could-signal-stormy-times-ahead-seabirds">http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news-and-media/news/worsening-wind-forecasts-could-signal-stormy-times-ahead-seabirds</a><br />
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<header class="node-header" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: Avenir, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="submitted" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;">
Submitted by<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.ceh.ac.uk/staff/pburns" style="color: #002340; text-decoration: none;">Paulette Burns</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>on<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><time datetime="2015-08-19T10:13:05+0100" pubdate="pubdate">Wed, 08/19/2015 - 10:13</time></div>
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Stronger winds forecast as a result of climate change could impact on populations of seabirds, a new study suggests.</div>
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Research into a common UK coastal seabird, the European shag, showed that when winds are strong, females take much longer to find food compared with their male counterparts. Researchers expect that if wind conditions worsen - as they are forecast to do - this could impact on the wellbeing of female birds, and ultimately affect population sizes.</div>
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Scientists from the University of Edinburgh, the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) and the British Antarctic Survey carried out a two-year study into the cormorant-like Shags on the Isle of May National Nature Reserve in south-east Scotland. Small tracking devices were attached to the legs of birds and measured how long they foraged for fish in the sea.</div>
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Researchers expect that if wind conditions worsen, as they are forecast to do, this could impact on the wellbeing of female birds and ultimately affect population sizes</div>
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In many seabird species, females are smaller and lighter than males, and so must work harder to dive through turbulent water. They may not hold their breath for as long, fly so efficiently nor dive as deeply as males. The latest results suggest that in poor weather conditions, this sex difference is exaggerated.</div>
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The scientists found that when coastal winds were strong or blowing towards the shore, females took much longer to find food compared with males. The difference in time spent foraging became more marked between the sexes when conditions worsened, suggesting that female birds are more likely to continue foraging even in the poorest conditions.</div>
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<img alt="European shags around nest sites on the west cliffs of the Isle of May (photo: Mark Newell)" class="media-element file-default image-style-none" src="http://ceh.ac.uk/sites/default/files/3725-shags-iom-mnewell.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; font-style: italic; font-weight: lighter; height: 394px; margin: 5px; max-width: 100%; width: 650px;" title="European shags around nest sites on the west cliffs of the Isle of May (photo: Mark Newell)" /><br /><sub style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">A brisk westerly wind creating rough conditions along the west cliffs of the Isle of May. European shags loiter around nest sites (Photo: Mark Newell).</sub></div>
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The research was carried out as part of the long-term CEH seabird study on the Isle of May that began in the 1970s.</div>
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Lead author Dr Sue Lewis from the University of Edinburgh said, “In our study, females had to work harder than males to find food, and difficult conditions exacerbated this difference. Forecasted increases in wind speeds could have a greater impact on females, with potential knock-on effects on the wellbeing of populations.”</div>
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Co-author Dr Francis Daunt, of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, said, “Most of the research on climate change has focused on the effects of warming, but there is growing concern about increasing wind speeds and frequency of storms. This study shows one way in which wind could affect wild populations, and may be widespread since many species have sex differences in body size.”</div>
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The research was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and published in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Journal of Animal Ecology</em>.</div>
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Additional information</h3>
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The full paper is open access at the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Journal of Animal Ecology</em>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.12419/abstract" style="color: #002340; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Contrasting responses of male and female foraging effort to year-round wind conditions</a>, doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12419</div>
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The University of Edinburgh issued a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2015/seabirds-180815" style="color: #002340; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">press release</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>for this story.</div>
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The study was carried out as part of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.ceh.ac.uk/node/16466" style="color: #002340; text-decoration: none;">CEH's long-term Isle of May monitoring project</a></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-28916843900307646922015-01-01T13:23:00.001-08:002015-01-01T13:23:17.312-08:00Errepideetara botatzen den gatza ere, hegaztien hiltzaile<p dir="ltr">http://www.ornithomedia.com/breves/salage-routes-cause-mortalite-sous-estimee-pour-certains-passereaux-01604.html<br></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Le salage des routes, une cause de mortalité sous-estimée pour certains passereaux</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">Les Carduelinés sont particulièrement attirés par les granules de sel, ce qui peut causer leur perte<br><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">Le sel (chlorure de sodium) répandu sur les routes lors des épisodes de gel ou de neige a plusieurs effets négatifs sur l'environnement : il modifie localement la nature des sols, brûle le feuillage des végétaux et dessèche leurs racines, il irrite les pattes des animaux domestiques (chiens, chats) et il augmente la mortalité des chenilles se nourrissant des plantes ayant poussé en bordure des voies traitées.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Il existe aussi de nombreux cas de mortalité d'oiseaux le long des routes où du sel a été répandu. La plupart des cadavres trouvés concernent des passereaux de la famille des Carduélinés (roselins, linottes, sizerins...), peut-être à cause de leur comportement alimentaire hivernal (ils recherchent alors leur nourriture sur le sol, dans des endroits dégagés) et de leur comportement grégaire à cette période.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Ces espèces granivores sont particulièrement attirées par les granules de sel, certainement pour satisfaire des besoins en oligo-éléments (comme c'est le cas des perroquets ingérant de l'argile, lire<a href="http://www.ornithomedia.com/pratique/debuter/geophagie-chez-perroquets-00114.html">La géophagie chez les perroquets</a>). Des chercheurs de la station biologique de l'université du Montana observent par exemple régulièrement des troupes de Roselins de Cassin (<i>Carpodacus cassinii</i>), de Becs-croisés des sapins (<i>Loxia curvirostra</i>), de Tarins des pins (<i>Carduelis pinus</i>) et de Gros-becs errants (<i>Coccothraustes vespertinus</i>) se rassemblant sur de petites zones sans végétation riches en sels minéraux. Des becs-croisés ont aussi été vus buvant de l'eau de mer.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Ces oiseaux peuvent également prendre ces grains de sel pour de petits cailloux (des gastrolithes, ou "grit") qu'ils stockent dans leur gésier (jusqu'à leur usure complète) pour broyer leurs aliments (lire<a href="http://www.ornithomedia.com/pratique/debuter/systeme-digestif-oiseaux-00393.html">Le système digestif des oiseaux</a>).</p>
<p dir="ltr">Tous ces petits oiseaux meurent généralement suite à des collisions avec les véhicules, mais aussi à cause de la toxicité du sel ingéré en trop grande quantité. Une étude canadienne menée sur le Moineau domestique (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) et publiée en 2005 dans le Journal of Wildlife Diseases avait montré que l'ingestion de quelques granules de sel suffisait à provoquer un empoisonnement. Dans un article publié en 2014 dans la revue Ardea, des ornithologues tchèques ont décrit un cas de mortalité groupée de Tarins des aulnes (<i>Carduelis spinus</i>) : ils avaient mangé des gros granules de sel qu'ils avaient pris pour des cailloux, et des analyses cliniques ont montré qu'ils avaient été intoxiqués.</p>
<p dir="ltr">La difficulté à repérer les cadavres et le faible taux de signalement suggèrent que le nombre de passereaux qui meurent à cause du salage des routes est sûrement sous-estimé. Une solution possible serait notamment de ne répandre que des grains de sel de très petite taille (moins de 2 mm) pour éviter qu’ils ne soient pris pour des gastrolithes.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.ornithomedia.com/images/puce/separateur.gif"><br><br></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-78126809936937022032014-08-07T10:02:00.003-07:002014-08-07T10:02:43.401-07:00Giant penguin fossil shows bird was taller than most humans<br />
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Iturria: <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica" target="_blank">The Guardian</a><br />
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<b>Analysis of 37m-year-old fossil unearthed in Antarctica shows species would have dwarfed today’s biggest living penguins</b></div>
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<img alt="Emperor Penguin walking on ice in Prydz Bay, eastern Antarctica" class="gu-image" height="276" src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Environment/Pix/pictures/2014/8/4/1407169979883/Emperor-Penguin-walking-o-007.jpg" width="460" />
<figcaption><em>Palaeeudyptes klekowskii</em> would have dwarfed today’s biggest living penguin, the emperor penguin. Photograph: Tui De Roy/Corbis</figcaption>
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A penguin species that lived millions of years ago would have
dwarfed today’s biggest living penguins and stood as tall as most
humans, according to analysis of fossils by a team of researchers from
the La Plata Museum in Argentina.<br />
<em>Palaeeudyptes klekowskii</em> has already been dubbed <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25990-extinct-mega-penguin-was-tallest-and-heaviest-ever.html#.U9-uh0JhsWA" title="">the “colossus penguin”</a>,
and is the most complete fossil ever uncovered from the Antarctic. The
unearthed bones are 37m years old and include the longest recorded fused
ankle-foot bone as well as parts of a wing bone.<br />
From
those bones, researchers estimated the species would have stood 2m tall
from toe to beak tip, and weighed as much as 115kg. Standing normally,
beak down, the penguin would have be around 1.6m tall, <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699514000291" title="">the team reported in the journal Geobios</a>.<br />
By comparison, the tallest and heaviest living species, the emperor penguin (<em>Aptenodytes forsteri</em>), stands 1.1m high and weighs just under 50kg.<br />
Being
of a larger build has its advantages, as bigger penguins could dive
underwater to hunt fish for significantly longer periods of time
compared to smaller species. A penguin the size of <em>Palaeeudyptes klekowskii </em>could stay underwater for up to 40 minutes.<br />
<figure class="element element-embed" data-alt="Mega penguin">
<figcaption>How the giant penguin would have measured against humans </figcaption>
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The bones were found at the La Meseta formation, Seymour
Island, which is part of the Antarctic peninsula with a wide range and
abundance of penguin bones. In prehistoric times, the region was warmer
with 10 to 14 different penguin species living together.<br />
<em>P klekowskii</em> is not the only giant prehistoric penguin to be discovered – in 2007 of <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/26/fossils.uknews" title="">a penguin species known as <em>Icadyptes salasi</em></a>, was found in Peru, living 36m years ago. It had a slightly smaller height of 1.5m.<br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-19055245055978663712013-05-21T07:25:00.001-07:002013-05-21T07:25:54.518-07:00Why Penguins Don't Fly - Pottorro kontuak<a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2013/05/why-penguins-dont-fly.html#.UZuDUYkrTOI.blogger">Iturria: ScienceNOW</a><br />
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<div class="sci-content-hd sci-section"> <h1 class="asset-name entry-title" id="page-title">Why Penguins Don't Fly</h1><div class="sci-inline-feature" id="article-feature"> <span class="byline">by Traci Watson </span> on <abbr class="published" title="20 May 2013">20 May 2013, 3:10 PM</abbr> <span class="separator">|</span> </div><div class="sci-inline-feature" id="article-feature"> </div><div class="sci-inline-feature" id="article-feature"></div><div class="sci-inline-feature" id="article-feature"></div><div class="sci-inline-feature" id="article-feature"></div><div class="sci-inline-feature" id="article-feature"><a class="lightbox" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/assets/2013/05/20/sn-penguins.jpg" title="<p>March of the penguins. The labored flight of the thick-billed murre (main image) helps show why the Emperor penguin (inset) sticks to walking and swimming.
</p><p>Credit: Kyle H. Elliott; (inset) Copyright Samuel Blanc</p>"><img alt="sn-seabirds.jpg" class="sci-inline-feature-image" height="212" src="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/assets_c/2013/05/sn-penguins-thumb-200xauto-17222.jpg" width="320" /></a> <div class="image-caption"><strong> </strong></div><div class="image-caption"><strong>March of the penguins.</strong> The labored flight of the</div><div class="image-caption">thick-billed murre (<em>main image</em>) helps show why </div><div class="image-caption">the Emperor penguin (<em>inset</em>) sticks to walking and </div><div class="image-caption">swimming. </div><div class="image-credit">Credit: <span>Kyle H. Elliott; (inset) Copyright Samuel Blanc</span></div><div class="image-credit"><span> </span></div></div></div><div class="sci-content-bd"> <div class="content-main"> Long, long ago, O Best Beloved, the ancestor of the penguins could soar through the air. So why did the penguin give up flight? Rudyard Kipling never wrote a Just So story with an answer, but now scientists have one: The penguin doesn't fly because it would rather swim. <br />
A new study of murres, penguinlike seabirds that retain the ability to take wing, shows just how costly and inefficient it is to be both a diver and a flyer. The new findings back the long-held hypothesis that penguins gave up the heavens more than 70 million years ago to become kings of the waves. <br />
"This study contributes a lot by putting hard numbers on the energy costs of moving through both the aerial and aquatic realms," writes Daniel Ksepka of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, who studies penguin evolution and was not involved with the research, in an e-mail. <br />
For insights into why ancestral penguins might have abandoned their command of the air, the researchers turned to the thick-billed murre, <em>Uria lomvia</em>, which nests on cliffs in Alaska, Canada, and other northerly sites. It propels itself through the water with its wings to scoop up krill and plankton, but it also flies—laboriously. <br />
Murres "are awful flyers," says graduate student Kyle Elliott of the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, an author of the new paper. "They beat their wings really, really fast, and they're horrible at landing." <br />
To study murres nesting in northern Canada, the researchers carried shotguns loaded with rubber bullets to ward off the local polar bears and lived in a cabin surrounded by an electric "bear fence." Between surprise visits from bears, the scientists lassoed murres and injected them with tracer molecules to track their energy usage. They also outfitted the murres with sensors to learn how deep they dove and how much time they spent in air, underwater, and on land. <br />
The results show that being a murre is hard work. The animals expend more energy per minute of flight than any other bird, surpassing even the previous champion, the bar-headed goose, famed for flying over the Himalayas. On the wing, murres burn energy at 31 times their rate at rest, the highest known ratio in a bird, the team reports today in the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>. When other vertebrates are working hardest, they burn energy at only 25 times their resting rate. <br />
Murres fare better in the water, where they're more efficient than many other birds, but they could still use a few tips on their stroke. The researchers found that compared with penguins of the same size, murres expend far more energy while diving, indicating that <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1304838110">giving up flight raised their efficiency</a>. <br />
The results show that murres "are really at the edge of what a bird can do," says University of Missouri, St. Louis, seabird ecologist Robert Ricklefs, an author of the paper. If the murre's all-purpose wing became more like a penguin's stubby flipper, swimming would be easier, because a short wing creates less drag in the water. But flying would be nearly impossible, because a short wing makes it harder to stay aloft. <br />
The results run contrary to assumptions that "all birds had the same flight cost, more or less," Elliott says. For murres, "we were able to show that flight costs were much greater than expected … [and] demonstrate the cost of not being flightless." Even so, flight allows murres to flee predators and zip between nest and foraging grounds. For ancestral penguins, on the other hand, flightlessness was apparently a better deal, enabling them to grow larger, helping them dive deeper, swim faster, and stay underwater longer, Ricklefs says. And that meant they nabbed more and bigger prey. <br />
The study provides valuable confirmation of the idea that ancient penguins swapped flight for underwater prowess, known as the tradeoff hypothesis, says Chris Thaxter, a seabird ecologist at the British Trust for Ornithology in Thetford, U.K. "This is a major step forward … in understanding how the tradeoff hypothesis works." <br />
</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-87446185597047451292013-05-21T06:48:00.001-07:002013-05-21T06:48:47.945-07:00Seabird Bones Reveal Changes in Open-Ocean Food Chain<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/#.UZt60m1-Hu8.blogger">Iturria: ScienceDaily</a>:<br />
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<div id="first"><b><span class="date">May 13, 2013</span> — Remains of endangered Hawaiian petrels -- both ancient and modern -- show how drastically today's open seas fish menu has changed.</b></div><div id="seealso"><hr /><a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/05/130513174325-large.jpg" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="399" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/05/130513174325.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><i>Excavated bones of Hawaiian petrels – birds that spend the majority of their lives foraging the Pacific – show substantial change in the birds' eating habits. (Credit: Courtesy of Brittany Hance, Imaging Lab, Smithsonian Institution)</i></div><div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><i></i></div></div>A research team, led by Michigan State University and Smithsonian Institution scientists, analyzed the bones of Hawaiian petrels -- birds that spend the majority of their lives foraging the open waters of the Pacific. They found that the substantial change in petrels' eating habits, eating prey that are lower rather than higher in the food chain, coincides with the growth of industrialized fishing. <br />
<div id="text">The birds' dramatic shift in diet, shown in the current issue of the <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, leaves scientists pondering the fate of petrels as well as wondering how many other species face similar challenges.<br />
"Our bone record is alarming because it suggests that open-ocean food webs are changing on a large scale due to human influence," said Peggy Ostrom, co-author and MSU zoologist. "Our study is among the first to address one of the great mysteries of biological oceanography -- whether fishing has gone beyond an influence on targeted species to affect nontarget species and potentially, entire food webs in the open ocean."<br />
Hawaiian petrels' diet is recorded in the chemistry of their bones. By studying the bones' ratio of nitrogen-15 and nitrogen-14 isotopes, researchers can tell at what level in the food chain the birds are feasting; generally, the larger the isotope ratio, the bigger the prey (fish, squid and crustaceans).<br />
Between 4,000 and 100 years ago, petrels had high isotope ratios, indicating they ate bigger prey. After the onset of industrial fishing, which began extending past the continental shelves around 1950, the isotope ratios declined, indicating a species-wide shift to a diet of smaller fish and other prey.<br />
Much research has focused on the impact of fishing near the coasts. In contrast, the open ocean covers nearly half of Earth's surface. But due to a lack of historical records, fishing's impact on most open-ocean animal populations is completely unknown, said lead author Anne Wiley, formerly an MSU doctoral student and now a Smithsonian postdoctoral researcher.<br />
"Hawaiian petrels spend the majority of their lives foraging over vast expanses of open ocean," she said. "In their search for food, they've done what scientists can only dream of. For thousands of years, they've captured a variety of fish, squid and crustaceans from a large portion of the North Pacific Ocean, and a record of their diet is preserved in their bones."<br />
Addressing fishery impact through a chronology of bones is remarkable. Most marine animals die at sea, where their bones are buried on the ocean bottom. But after three decades of fossil collection in the Hawaiian Islands -- the breeding grounds of the Hawaiian petrel -- co-author Helen James of the Smithsonian Institution and her colleagues have amassed a collection of more than 17,000 ancient Hawaiian petrel bones.<br />
"The petrels breed in burrows and caves where, if they die, their bones are likely to be preserved for a long time," James said. "It's fortuitous to find such a rich bone record for a rare oceanic predator."<br />
Further studies are needed to explore how the shift down the food chain is affecting Hawaiian petrels. For a coastal seabird, however, a similar shift in diet has been associated with decreases in population -- bad news for a federally protected bird.<br />
Since petrels exploit fishing grounds from the equator to near the Aleutian Islands -- an area larger than the continental United States -- their foraging habits are quite telling. If petrels, signal flares for open-ocean food webs, have had a species-wide change in feeding habits, how many other predators around the world has fishing impacted? And what role do consumers play?<br />
"What you choose to put on your dinner plate -- that's your connection with the endangered Hawaiian petrel, and with many other marine species," Wiley said.<br />
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, MSU and the Smithsonian Institution.</div><div style="padding-top: 5px;"><i>Share this story on <b>Facebook</b>, <b>Twitter</b>, and <b>Google</b>:</i></div><div id="social_networks_top" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0 5px 10px; width: 350px;"><div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style "></div></div><i>Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:</i><br />
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<blockquote>The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2013/seabird-bones-reveal-changes-in-open-ocean-food-chain/" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.msu.edu/" target="_blank"><b><span id="source">Michigan State University</span></b></a>. <br />
<i>Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.</i></blockquote><hr /><b>Journal Reference</b>:<br />
<ol style="margin: 5px 0 5px 18px; padding: 0;"><li>Anne E. Wiley, Peggy H. Ostrom, Andreanna J. Welch, Robert C. Fleischer, Hasand Gandhi, John R. Southon, Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., Jay F. Penniman, Darcy Hu, Fern P. Duvall, and Helen F. James. <b>Millennial-scale isotope records from a wide-ranging predator show evidence of recent human impact to oceanic food webs</b>. <i>PNAS</i>, May 13, 2013 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300213110" target="_blank">10.1073/pnas.1300213110</a></li>
</ol><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Rafa Saiz Elizondohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05804924474371400552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-11397878690653155552013-05-17T02:33:00.004-07:002013-05-17T02:35:12.420-07:00Haritzalde 'Talaia' proiektuaren inguruan mintzo<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mezu hau helarazi digu <b>Haritzalde Naturzaleen Elkarteak</b>:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">La mejora del GR121 en Mendizorrotz supondría un desastre</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Haritzalde no puede aceptar este
proyecto</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">La <b>Asociación
Naturalista Haritzalde</b> ha solicitado oficial y formalmente al <b>Ministerio de Medio Ambiente</b>, a la
Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa y al Ayuntamiento de Donostia que aparquen definitivamente
el proyecto de supuesta mejora del <b>GR121</b>,
debido a los fuertes impactos que ocasionaría y a su desorbitado coste.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">4 millones de euros son muchas
monedas</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">, y sobre todo en estos días donde la austeridad es mandato presidencial. 4 millones
de euros va a recibir el Ayuntamiento de Donostia/San Sebastián, a cambio de
“mejorar” el GR121 que transita en su municipio, en el monte Mendizorrotz. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">“</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Mejorar” llama el Ministerio de
Medio Ambiente (</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">contratante
</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">en este negocio) a ensanchar y asfaltar
(con gravilla) una ruta transitable que discurre por el medio con más
biodiversidad del municipio, según un estudio realizado por la Sociedad de
Ciencias Aranzadi para el consistorio (</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/www.donostia.org">www.donostia.org</a></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">). ¿Qué impacto en el medio
natural ejercerá la obra y qué impacto en el medio ambiente tendrán los
urbanitas, felices de haber colonizado otra área? No lo sabemos. Lo que sí sabemos
con seguridad es que la obra aterradora no cuesta 4 millones de euros.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Nos parece mal y vergonzoso que
se gasten 4 millones en algo que no lo vale, no lo necesita y tiene al lado un
espacio con necesidad urgente de restauración ambiental, la Cala de Agiti.</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Hay numerosas zonas que requieren de inversiones
para su restauración y mejora de su estado de conservación: Motondo, cara norte
de Mendizorrotz, Ulia, ribera del Urumea... Que empiecen por Agiti. Es
necesario invertir en Medio Ambiente, pero exigimos se haga de una forma
coherente y sensata. La costa vasca es bella y la transitan un montón de caminos
vecinales que no necesitan de gravilla; sin embargo, sí que necesita dinero
para su protección, para que siga siendo bella y rica, y no la ensucien con
proyectos como el de “mejora” de la GR121. </span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Por tanto, <b>pedimos que dicho proyecto se aparque para siempre y solicitamos que con
ese dinero se inicie, para empezar, la recuperación ambiental de la cala de
Agiti</b>, lugar en el que además existió una charca en la que se reproducía la
ranita meridional (<i>Hyla meridionalis</i>),
catalogada en el País vasco “en peligro de extinción”.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">¡</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">RECUPEREMOS AGITI AHORA!</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EU;"></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-387" src="http://www.haritzalde.org/wp-content/uploads/Logo20urtefirma.jpg" height="130" width="200" /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-40661644649416434152013-05-01T12:44:00.001-07:002013-05-01T12:44:23.541-07:00Bird Fossil Sheds Light On How Swift and Hummingbird Flight Came to BeIturria: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130501091839.htm">Science Daily</a><br />
<br />
<div id="first">
<span class="date">May 1, 2013</span> — <b>A tiny bird fossil
discovered in Wyoming offers clues to the precursors of swift and
hummingbird wings. The fossil is unusual in having exceptionally
well-preserved feathers, which allowed the researchers to reconstruct
the size and shape of the bird's wings in ways not possible with bones
alone.</b></div>
<div id="seealso">
<hr />
<a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/05/130501091839-large.jpg?1367429782" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="292" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/05/130501091839.jpg?1367429782" width="300" /></a><br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;">
<em>Twelve
centimeters from head to tail, E. rowei was an evolutionary precursor to
the group that includes today's swifts and hummingbirds. (Credit: Photo
contributed by Lance Grande of the Field Museum of Natural History)</em></div>
<div>
<a class="red" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/"><strong>Reference</strong></a></div>
<ul>
<li><a class="blue" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/archaeopteryx.htm">Archaeopteryx</a></li>
<li><a class="blue" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/h/hummingbird.htm">Hummingbird</a></li>
<li><a class="blue" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/f/feathered_dinosaurs.htm">Feathered dinosaurs</a></li>
<li><a class="blue" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/short-tailed_albatross.htm">Short-tailed Albatross</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
Researchers spotted the specimen -- the nearly complete skeleton of a
bird that would have fit in the palm of your hand and weighed less than
an ounce -- while working at the Field Museum of Natural History in
Chicago.<br />
The newly discovered bird was named <em>Eocypselus rowei</em>, in honor of John W. Rowe, Chairman of the Field Museum's Board of Trustees.<br />
First collected in southwestern Wyoming in a fossil site known as the Green River Formation, <em>E. rowei</em> lived roughly 50 million years ago, after the dinosaurs disappeared but before the earliest humans came to be.<br />
<em>E. rowei</em> was a tiny bird -- only twelve centimeters from
head to tail. Feathers account for more than half of the bird's total
wing length.<br />
To find out where the fossil fit in the bird family tree, the
researchers compared the specimen to extinct and modern day species.
Their analyses suggest that the bird was an evolutionary precursor to
the group that includes today's swifts and hummingbirds.<br />
Given the differences in wing shape between these two closely related
groups of birds, scientists have puzzled over how swift and hummingbird
flight came to be. Finding fossil relatives like this specimen is key
to figuring that out, the researchers say.<br />
"This fossil bird represents the closest we've gotten to the point
where swifts and hummingbirds went their separate ways," said lead
author Daniel Ksepka of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center in
Durham, North Carolina.<br />
Hummingbirds have short wings relative to their bodies, which makes
them good at hovering in mid-air. Swifts have super-long wings for
gliding and high-speed flight. But the wings of <em>E. rowei</em> were somewhere in between.<br />
"[Based on its wing shape] it probably wasn't a hoverer, like a
hummingbird, and it probably wasn't as efficient at fast flight as a
swift," Ksepka said.<br />
The shape of the bird's wings, coupled with its tiny size, suggest
that the ancestors of today's swifts and hummingbirds got small before
each group's unique flight behavior came to be. "Hummingbirds came from
small-bodied ancestors, but the ability to hover didn't come to be until
later," Ksepka explained.<br />
Closer study of the feathers under a scanning electron microscope
revealed that carbon residues in the fossils -- once thought to be
traces of bacteria that fed on feathers -- are fossilized melanosomes,
tiny cell structures containing melanin pigments that give birds and
other animals their color. The findings suggest that the ancient bird
was probably black and may have had a glossy or iridescent sheen, like
swifts living today. Based on its beak shape it probably ate insects,
the researchers say.<br />
The other authors of this study were Julia Clarke, Sterling Nesbitt
and Felicia Kulp of the University of Texas at Austin, and Lance Grande
of the Field Museum of Natural History.<br />
The results will appear in the May 1 issue of the journal <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</em>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-45522642049201492842013-04-29T07:42:00.001-07:002013-04-29T07:42:09.571-07:00Student tracks Asian bird's migration patterns; recommends conservation strategies<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130418100156.htm#.UX6GjUEXRYs.blogger">Student tracks Asian bird's migration patterns; recommends conservation strategies</a><br />
<br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><div id="first"><span class="date">Apr. 17, 2013</span> — <b>An Arizona State University biologist and her team have found that the Asian subspecies of great bustard, one of the heaviest birds capable of flight, covers migratory routes of more than 2,000 miles, traveling to and from its breeding grounds in northern Mongolia and wintering grounds in Shaanxi province in China.</b></div><div id="seealso"> <hr /><a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/04/130418100156-large.jpg" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="214" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/04/130418100156.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
<br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><em>Despite their large size, Great Bustards are strong, steady fliers. (Credit: B.S. Chun)</em></div></div>The research study, which is available online and will be published in the next volume of the<em> Journal of Avian Biology</em><em>,</em> is the first of its kind to monitor the movement of this rarely studied subspecies through satellite telemetry and to connect a breeding population of Asian great bustards to their wintering grounds. The research also offers insight into conservation challenges.<br />
Mimi Kessler, a doctoral candidate in biology at the School of Life Sciences, has spent more than two years on Eurasian grasslands, studying habitat use, population genetics, causes of mortality and migration routes of the Asian great bustards.<br />
"We attached GPS transmitters to these birds that collect location data," Kessler says. "These transmitters relay the datasets to a satellite system, so we are able to remotely monitor the movement of these birds very closely, something that has never been done before."<br />
Great bustards are large birds found in grasslands from Spain to Mongolia. Males of the Asian subspecies can weigh up to 35 pounds, but females only weigh up to 11 pounds. The significant size difference between males and females makes bustards the most sexually dimorphic avian species on Earth.<br />
Despite their large size, studying and monitoring these birds is no easy feat. Known for their elusive nature and wariness toward humans, Asian bustards are rarely seen with the naked eye. Kessler and her colleagues use spotting-scopes on hillsides to scan valleys in Mongolia, but it may take the team months to capture and tag a single bird.<br />
"The process of capturing these birds requires us to be extremely alert and careful of every footstep and sound we make," Kessler says. "The work is so painstaking that it becomes an obsession. Members of our team often dream about capturing a bustard. And when it does finally happen, it's a real adrenaline rush."<br />
Kessler says great bustards across Eurasia exhibit a range of migratory behavior corresponding to the severity of winter weather. Great bustards found in Spain may travel only about 10 miles annually whereas those in western Russia travel about 600 miles one way to warmer wintering regions.<br />
The Asian subspecies, however, is the marathon runner of the great bustard family.<br />
"In Mongolia, winter temperatures can drop 30 to 50 degrees below zero," Kessler says. "We found that the Asian great bustards travel for an average of two months, covering 1200 miles to reach wintering grounds in Shaanxi province in central China. It's a remarkable journey."<br />
The team also found that the birds tend to migrate in a solitary fashion, making multiple long stopovers during their journey. The routes and wintering grounds are subject to change every year, leaving researchers no choice but to track each tagged bird individually.<br />
Kessler says the findings are not only the first of their kind, since research regarding Asian great bustards is scarce, but also offer an insight into the challenges the Asian bustard subspecies and conservationists face.<br />
"Asian great bustards are a threatened species in Mongolia," Kessler says. "They face several dangers, including poaching for sport or sale of meat to exotic food markets in China. The birds have a low reproductive rate; adults raise just one or two chicks to maturity every 10 years, making hunting unsustainable. Bustards are also less maneuverable due to their large size which makes collisions with power lines and overhead cables a serious threat."<br />
Modern agricultural techniques also endanger the subspecies. Heavy machinery, used for tilling land and harvesting crops, can destroy nests and crush chicks, as the birds often nest in agricultural fields. Pesticides kill protein-rich insects that bustard chicks rely on for rapid growth to be able to migrate, come fall.<br />
"Rapid development in Central Asia combined with climate change and low reproductive rate could make these birds disappear," Kessler says. "We need to take immediate measures to conserve them."<br />
Kessler's solution: implementing conservation strategies that span international borders, as well as working within local communities to raise awareness about the subspecies while providing educational and employment opportunities. She trains and supports Mongolian undergraduate and graduate students, and hires locals as team members. Her team is also active in programs with rural school children.<br />
"Local people are the stewards of their environment and ultimately decide whether a species will remain in the environment around them or not," Kessler says. "Our goal is to learn from the locals and share the results of our research. We want our work to lead to a brighter future for local communities and these unique populations of great bustards."<br />
<em> </em></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-36473197573891844392013-04-15T09:39:00.000-07:002013-04-15T09:39:11.127-07:00Francia emite un dictamen desfavorable sobre el puerto exterior de PasaiaIturria: <a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/04/14/paisvasco/1365957903_553229.html">El País</a><br />
<br />
<span class="firma6"><a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/tag/fecha/20130414" title="Ver todas las noticias de esta fecha">14 ABR
2013 - 23:10 CET</a></span><br />
<br />
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<h1 id="titulo_noticia" style="background: white;">
Francia emite un dictamen
desfavorable sobre el puerto exterior de Pasaia</h1>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">El
plan director de la infraestructura recibe 600 alegaciones en el país
vecino</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="autor11"><a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/autor/mikel_ormazabal/a/" title="Ver todas las noticias de Mikel Ormazabal">Mikel Ormazabal</a> </span><span class="data7">San Sebastián </span><span class="firma6"><a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/tag/fecha/20130414" title="Ver todas las noticias de esta fecha">14 ABR
2013 - 23:10 CET</a></span> </div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt;">Archivado
en:</span></b></div>
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<img alt="http://ep01.epimg.net/ccaa/imagenes/2013/04/14/paisvasco/1365957903_553229_1365958187_noticia_normal.jpg" border="0" height="373" id="_x0000_i1025" src="mailbox:///C:/Users/Usuario/AppData/Roaming/Thunderbird/Profiles/rp9ikkgh.default/Mail/pop3.premium.euskalnet.net/Inbox?number=1839276258&part=1.5&filename=image004.jpg" width="560" /></div>
<div class="figcaption" style="background: white;">
Un buque de gran tonelaje entra en
la bahía de Pasajes. / <span class="firma6">javier
hernández</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background: white;">
Las autoridades francesas han emitido una “opinión
desfavorable” sobre la viabilidad medioambiental del <a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/05/12/paisvasco/1336842825_321895.html">puerto
exterior de Pasaia</a> y advierten de los riesgos que esta infraestructura
podría ocasionar sobre el medio marino, los recursos pesqueros, la economía del
surf y el turismo del País Vasco francés.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
<a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/01/25/paisvasco/1359138065_481465.html">La
oposición de Francia es total,</a> vistas las alegaciones que se han presentado
durante el periodo de consulta pública al que se sometió el proyecto portuario.
Existe amplia coincidencia en que la dársena adosada al monte Jaizkibel causará
“un ataque en la red Natura 2000”, en el patrimonio geológico del litoral y en
la fauna pelágica, además de daños en la salud.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
El departamento francés de Pirineos Atlánticos ha
elaborado un informe de nueve folios, al que ha tenido acceso EL PAÍS, que
recoge las principales inquietudes que han formulado los ciudadanos
vascofranceses en sus 599 alegaciones al Plan Director de Infraestructuras del
Puerto de <a href="http://elpais.com/tag/pasaia/a/">Pasaia.</a></div>
<div style="background: white;">
Supone toda una sucesión de juicios contra de la
construcción de la dársena exterior, un proyecto con un coste de 765 millones de
euros que se encuentra en dique seco tras la pérdida de apoyos políticos e
institucionales en Euskadi.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
La comisaria Marie Thérèse Arrieta, de la
Prefectura de los Pirineos Atlánticos, ha sido la encargada de formular el
dictamen final de la consulta realizada en Francia del 27 de diciembre de 2012
al 28 de enero pasado. Durante este periodo, concejales y alcaldes de municipios
de la zona, numerosos grupos medioambientales, asociaciones vinculadas con la
naturaleza, el sector de la pesca y toda la industria del surf han tomado parte
activa en contra de la dársena.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
Entre las dudas que hace constar en su informe,
Arrieta se pregunta si el puerto exterior sería “compatible con el proyecto de
corredor ecológico marino previsto entre San Sebastián y
Biarritz”.</div>
<div id="sumario_1|html" style="margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: #dddddd 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: #dddddd 1pt solid; mso-element: para-border-div; padding-bottom: 8pt; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 8pt;">
<div class="textogrande3" style="background: white;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="sumario_1"></a><span style="font-size: small;"><b>El informe
presenta toda una batería de argumentos en contra de la construcción de la
dársena</b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background: white;">
La comisaria concluye que la oposición al puerto
exterior “es muy marcada” en Francia, donde el proyecto suscita múltiples
interrogantes.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
Existen dudas sobre la necesidad real de una
infraestructura de ese tipo en la fachada costera, sobre la “sincera evaluación”
de los costes, su viabilidad en plena crisis y el verdadero estudio de todas las
opciones existentes.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
Los franceses consideran poco riguroso que se
pretenda construir un puerto que mueva 17,5 millones de toneladas en 2030,
cuando en 2003 esa cifra era de seis millones y en la actualidad ha caído hasta
3,1 millones. Y se preguntan por qué no se ha valorado “suficientemente” <a href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/04/13/paisvasco/1365888782_168351.html">la
opción de “colaborar con el puerto de Bilbao",</a> que aún podría aumentar en 12
millones de toneladas su capacidad de tráfico de mercancías.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
La comisaria enumera los principales riesgos que
causaría la futura dársena de Pasaia, principalmente contra la red Natura 2000,
que protege “una riqueza ecológica y paleontológica internacional” así como
contra “hábitats y espacios de interés comunitario” que deben conservarse. El
puerto exterior, según las alegaciones de Francia, afectará a las aves
migratorias, modificará la “mecánica del litoral” y “golpeará” a la bahía de
Txingudi.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
Se advierte del aumento de la turbiedad del agua a
causa del movimiento de 16 millones de metros cúbicos de tierras para construir
la dársena. “Puede originar el movimiento de elementos que producirán una
propagación de contaminantes químicos”, detalla el informe.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
A ello se suman los diversos efectos sobre los
recursos pesqueros o el peligro que causaría al mundo del surf, que en el País
Vasco francés concentra unos 3.500 empleos. Arrieta alerta también de que “el
deterioro de la calidad de las aguas y de la imagen de la región acarreará un
perjuicio directo a la economía y el turismo”.</div>
<div style="background: white;">
Las 599 alegaciones francesas se sumarán a las
registradas durante el periodo de exposición pública en Euskadi. Se tramitaron
4.200 alegaciones, de ellas 3.600 opuestas al plan.</div>
La <a href="http://elpais.com/diario/2011/04/03/paisvasco/1301859607_850215.html">tramitación
ambiental</a> del proyecto todavía no ha acabado. La Autoridad Portuaria de
Pasaia remitió a comienzos de 2012 al Ministerio de Medio Ambiente el Informe de
Sostenibilidad Ambiental (ISA) del Plan Director —tuvo que hacerse por segunda
vez—, pero aún no ha comenzado siquiera a redactarse la memoria ambiental, donde
deberá figurar si es aconsejable o no realizar el
proyecto.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-68900248683087320272013-03-14T04:36:00.000-07:002013-03-14T04:36:04.880-07:00Perdiendo el norte una vez másIturria: <a href="http://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.com/2013/03/14/opinion/cartas-al-director/perdiendo-el-norte-una-vez-mas">Noticias de Gipuzkoa</a><br />
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</h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Perdiendo el norte una vez más</span></h1>
<div class="FuenteFecha" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 0.95em; margin-bottom: 2em; padding: 0px;">
Jueves, 14 de Marzo de 2013 - Actualizado a las 05:22h</div>
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<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cartas a la Dirección</strong></div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
<span class="Mayusculas" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">HAN</span> pasado ya más de siete años desde que el horizonte de Mutriku comenzó a ser tapiado por una muralla de 600 metros de longitud y 16 de altura sobre el nivel del mar. Un dique de "abrigo" que ha dejado al desnudo la desidia de las distintas administraciones y su falta de respeto por el patrimonio y el valor intrínseco de este. Se nos vendió el nuevo dique como una garantía para asegurar la entrada de los barcos al puerto de Mutriku. Sin embargo, el Gobierno Vasco, obnubilado por la efervescencia del deporte náutico allá por el año 2000, solo quería aprovechar el filón de un pueblo costero que aún no tenía su puerto deportivo. Y, por su parte, el Ayuntamiento perseguía construir un nuevo puerto exterior que teletransportara a Mutriku a un brillante futuro pesquero a la altura de otros puertos como el de Ondarroa o Getaria. Para ello bastaba con tener un gran marco. El cuadro era irrelevante. Se juntaron el hambre y las ganas de comer con un plato principal, la ensenada de Mutriku.</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
Mucho ha llovido desde entonces. Errores de diseños, reparaciones de emergencia, bancarrota de constructoras, desaparición de una playa... Nos encontramos en el 2013 con una obra inacabada, 40 millones de euros de nuestro dinero enterrados para este Plan tan Especial y una renovada voluntad de continuar con el entuerto caiga quien caiga. "¿Quién dijo fracaso?" El Gobierno Vasco pretende terminar de alargar los 150 metros que restan del inacabado dique de abrigo con el argumento, una vez más y en palabras de la consejera Ana Oregi, de "...conseguir las condiciones adecuadas de abrigo para nuestros barcos".</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
A estas alturas resulta imprescindible añadir un pequeño matiz. La seguridad de los barcos está ya garantizada con el tramo de obra ejecutado hasta ahora según lo demostró un estudio realizado por el anterior equipo del Gobierno Vasco en octubre de 2009. Por lo tanto, no se trata de los barcos. El motivo por el que van a gastarse doce millones de euros más en el dique no es otro que garantizar la estabilidad de los pantalanes del nuevo puerto deportivo de 200 amarres en ciernes. En otras palabras, 60.000 euros de nuestro dinero por la seguridad de cada uno de los pantalanes.</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
En estos tiempos de crisis, recortes y teórica racionalización del gasto, cuesta un triunfo creer que los vaivenes políticos y la presión de los <em style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lobbys </em>no hayan tenido que ver con esta decisión que terminará de condenar lo poco que ha sobrevivido de lo que fue uno de los lugares más emblemáticos de nuestra costa. Descanse en paz.</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Iñigo Aguirre</strong></div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
Miembro de Equo</div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-13502570241117430562013-03-05T10:25:00.001-08:002013-03-05T10:25:44.130-08:00Buitre leonado, efectos de la desnutrición en los pollos <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">(Se constata con datos medidos la convicción generalizada)</span> <br />
<br />
Iturria: <a href="http://sierrasalvada.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/buitre-leonado-efectos-de-la.html">Sierra Salvada</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHIFJOm4HR1_KSFctCw3qEYsCR7Zea3baUpVm61P3Y1e02sCPcWshZ-q86J_YSyTxtrWSFGEOL0qgzv5iMNamnVFXJ697bMBF-ARJjQFmHAon-dEoBvUV2ezf60e8n-GMip5Ap3xWFnPaI/s1600/Buitre+Leonado,+joven,+recogido.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHIFJOm4HR1_KSFctCw3qEYsCR7Zea3baUpVm61P3Y1e02sCPcWshZ-q86J_YSyTxtrWSFGEOL0qgzv5iMNamnVFXJ697bMBF-ARJjQFmHAon-dEoBvUV2ezf60e8n-GMip5Ap3xWFnPaI/s1600/Buitre+Leonado,+joven,+recogido.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
La recogida del ganado muerto para evitar la expansión de la "enfermedad
de las vacas locas" ha provocado la estabilización de las poblaciones
reproductoras de buitre leonado (Gyps fulvus) después de más de tres
décadas de aumento continuo tras su protección legal en el año 1966.
También hemos constatado la disminución del éxito reproductor de las
parejas nidificantes, es decir el porcentaje de nidos de los que vuela
pollo. En Sierra Sálvada ha pasado de ser superior al 75% antes del
comienzo de la recogida del ganado muerto a inferior al 50% después del
mismo De los pollos que vuelan del nido muchos lo hacen desnutridos y
con poca capacidad de vuelo, por lo que muchos, en el mejor de los
casos, acaban siendo recogidos y trasladados a centros de recuperación
de fauna.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOAJM69zFaEBjxDW31lh0uhJMg_URHUxph2Q4qbemAklVzpSCS-JFDaWGrWzNTC6kDENBjnW6nmdUu_j2t_qtbbZMzqw7xbfcl9DToPvDpXUB0WlRR_rZRs72xz8cSiTjKy6E3xKRyC9RL/s1600/Buitre+Leonado,+tejado.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOAJM69zFaEBjxDW31lh0uhJMg_URHUxph2Q4qbemAklVzpSCS-JFDaWGrWzNTC6kDENBjnW6nmdUu_j2t_qtbbZMzqw7xbfcl9DToPvDpXUB0WlRR_rZRs72xz8cSiTjKy6E3xKRyC9RL/s1600/Buitre+Leonado,+tejado.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mi amigo Álvaro Camiña y Reuven Yosef en el artículo "<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3161/000164512X662205" target="_blank">Effect of European Union BSE-related enactments on fledgling Eurasian Griffons<i> Gyps fulvus</i></a>", publicado en el año 2012 en la revista científica <i>Acta Ornithologica</i>,
explican que los jóvenes del año que llegan a los centros de
recuperación muestran claros indicios de haber sufrido desnutrición
durante su periodo de estancia en el nido. Llegaron a esa conclusión
tras estudiar las barras de crecimiento de la pluma central de la cola
de 47 jóvenes recogidos entre los meses de julio y septiembre en el
Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre de La Fombera, La Rioja, antes
y después de la "crisis de las vacas locas". Las plumas de los jóvenes
recién volados reflejan fielmente la alimentación suministrada por sus
progenitores mientras se encontraban en el nido. La escasez de carroñas
no solo ha hecho disminuir el éxito reproductor del buitre leonado, sino
que también ha provocado que un porcentaje de los pollos que llegan a
volar hayan sufrido desnutrición, lo que seguramente afectará a su salud
y vida futura. </div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Rafa Saiz Elizondohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05804924474371400552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-40479470911323878692013-02-26T08:09:00.003-08:002013-02-26T08:09:31.840-08:00Posible Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro) en Vitoria-Gasteiz (Alava) Iturria: <a href="http://anillamiento-txepetxa.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/posible-paino-de-madeira-oceanodroma.html">Txepetxa</a><br />
<br />
<h2 class="date-header">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>martes, 26 de febrero de 2013</span></span></h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8325344197056774873" name="8128261737748175396"></a>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-size: large;">Posible Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro) en Vitoria-Gasteiz (Alava)
</span></h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
El 11 de enero de 2013 Jesús María Zatón y Sergio Apellaniz,
trabajadores de la fábrica de Michelín de Vitoria-Gasteiz, se pusieron en
contacto con miembros de la Asociación para el anillamiento cientifico de Aves <b>Txepetxa </b>para comunicarles que se habían
encontrado un ave "rara" dentro de la fábrica. Dos miembros del grupo
acudieron a la fábrica y se encontraron con un Paiño. El ave se
encontraba delgada pero espabilada. Se le trasladó al
Centro de Recuperación de la Fauna Silvestre de la Diputación de Álava en
Martioda. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
En un principio se le dió por <b>paiño europeo (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hydrobates pelagicus</i>)</b>, pero se
observaron algunos detalles que suscitaron la sospecha de que podía ser otra
especie: tamaño general grande, pico robusto, cobertoras mayores grisáceas... A pesar
de ello se decidió dejarlo tranquilo a la espera de que se encontrara en una
mejor condición física. Durante 10 días el personal del Centro de Recuperación
de Martioda (Laura Elorza, Patricia Lizarraga y Ricardo Gutiérrez) trabajó para
mejorar la condición física del individuo. A pesar de que en un principio se
temía por su situación dada la perdida de peso que sufrió, enseguida comenzó a
recuperar peso hasta situarse en un peso máximo de 46,1. Es en este momento
cuando se ponen en contacto con miembros de la Asociación para el anillamiento cientifico de Aves <b>Txepetxa</b> para poder realizar
la identificación, medición y fotografiado del ejemplar con todas las garantías para el ave.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis4djiARAieFOP-cGWyA38Bz58TZQcy4e4RwlbopApneewOnNxc0wk2M77zUIzsn8qJuBEuowGKDPkP9VA4yg9R6XbqpIXSYd4vJGQ99Qn40cK2Wf0-K8OtalIEH6nJEYhM-6UoDvnsNI/s1600/L1040248+%28640x360%29.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro)" border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis4djiARAieFOP-cGWyA38Bz58TZQcy4e4RwlbopApneewOnNxc0wk2M77zUIzsn8qJuBEuowGKDPkP9VA4yg9R6XbqpIXSYd4vJGQ99Qn40cK2Wf0-K8OtalIEH6nJEYhM-6UoDvnsNI/s400/L1040248+%28640x360%29.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Los miembros de Txepetxa, Iván de la Hera Fernández, Jordi
Gómez Felip y Azaitz Unanue Goikoetxea, se trasladan a Martioda y después de
medirlo, observarlo y contrastar la bibliografía disponible en ese momento identifican
el ave como un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paiño de Madeira (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oceanodroma castro</i>)</b>, aunque no se descarta del todo la posibilidad de <i><b>Oceanodroma monteiroi</b></i>
dada la dificultad de separación de ambas especies. Todo el dossier de
fotos y medidas se enviará al CR/SEO para su homologación.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjra2uuWegxbkaW6zqe8iIj_FK7_WjGzSInU60f8GcUETMKYcOjC-eV35hp7pbozI6-ahT8sgMrZq-3bEX8TYkQ6Ycoz-0t1O-Mvnwu3HXPw13EEaAQiHyRkqSadS66NENMGCnwIGk3BZM/s1600/L1040227+%28480x640%29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjra2uuWegxbkaW6zqe8iIj_FK7_WjGzSInU60f8GcUETMKYcOjC-eV35hp7pbozI6-ahT8sgMrZq-3bEX8TYkQ6Ycoz-0t1O-Mvnwu3HXPw13EEaAQiHyRkqSadS66NENMGCnwIGk3BZM/s400/L1040227+%28480x640%29.jpg" width="300" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUFP2Fqr56E-wDC1BqKnxHUXG9J8T0MCnvEfJQ86CvpUPc5Mu7_5por4FJrIst9r6eI7RYWFjrzax45jh7g9bo4PANXlqJGcXekf8bw97hSiBo_UXsG4K6vYZyB8FtyvvcAP4J_jjs64g/s1600/L1040231+%28640x439%29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro)" border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUFP2Fqr56E-wDC1BqKnxHUXG9J8T0MCnvEfJQ86CvpUPc5Mu7_5por4FJrIst9r6eI7RYWFjrzax45jh7g9bo4PANXlqJGcXekf8bw97hSiBo_UXsG4K6vYZyB8FtyvvcAP4J_jjs64g/s400/L1040231+%28640x439%29.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcSL5KH-7m0YF9e0DLljSGZpxybbgYYLDB3USVHHKOos46IM2wrR-efWHUBrBCWlFvxAcHtYMSPtZo5oEP-OVDXuKxP0P7zh9LFfbmGPqTRaapwxs8dpZxP9zSUFYyfG6eoD3WNkda36c/s1600/L1040246+%28640x428%29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro)" border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcSL5KH-7m0YF9e0DLljSGZpxybbgYYLDB3USVHHKOos46IM2wrR-efWHUBrBCWlFvxAcHtYMSPtZo5oEP-OVDXuKxP0P7zh9LFfbmGPqTRaapwxs8dpZxP9zSUFYyfG6eoD3WNkda36c/s400/L1040246+%28640x428%29.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1Zut5WE8PBYxDe2di6wyMCbxyKDEe1DQhfUmdIg3twym3Vy0Kqg6SE_mHJeGVMqPeMf2d8fP11tdBDxWCu-zAtDMiGLchjQbCDYKpk61oh826eTkO7lGtP8N8IU1lx5CsPlee6MTv1M/s1600/L1040241+%28640x480%29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro)" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1Zut5WE8PBYxDe2di6wyMCbxyKDEe1DQhfUmdIg3twym3Vy0Kqg6SE_mHJeGVMqPeMf2d8fP11tdBDxWCu-zAtDMiGLchjQbCDYKpk61oh826eTkO7lGtP8N8IU1lx5CsPlee6MTv1M/s400/L1040241+%28640x480%29.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jmwjHmiplyswQ9ZdSwYNIMIP_hgl2u9Sp7Rbh4U1giHt9auHPWMNmIWj76MOOULexFyHSHRpAvbi9ydwNG9rJaCvDZuEeSeTZOi9v_f8wGM9XkuLpKaLzbMMH8l5NgEs8IQ12IPOlaE/s1600/L1040236+%28640x480%29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paiño de Madeira (Oceanodroma castro)" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jmwjHmiplyswQ9ZdSwYNIMIP_hgl2u9Sp7Rbh4U1giHt9auHPWMNmIWj76MOOULexFyHSHRpAvbi9ydwNG9rJaCvDZuEeSeTZOi9v_f8wGM9XkuLpKaLzbMMH8l5NgEs8IQ12IPOlaE/s400/L1040236+%28640x480%29.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
El pasado viernes día 22 de febrero de 2013 el ave fué puesta de nuevo
en libertad en la zona de Getxo, una vez anillada con remite Aranzadi
por el personal del Centro de Recuperación de Martioda.<br />
<br />
Queremos dar las gracias a Jesús María Zatón y Sergio Apellaniz (las
personas que lo encontraron) por la sensibilidad que demostraron
preocupandose por la salud de un pájaro.<br />
También agradecer a Jesús Menéndez, Fernando Arce y Javier Elorriaga por apoyarnos en la identificación.</div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-14500349976151630122013-02-14T03:59:00.001-08:002013-02-14T03:59:29.912-08:00Hegoaldeko zuhaitz-igeltxoaren Kudeaketa Plana, lardaskeria galanta. Apo lasterkariarekin berdin?Iturria: <a href="http://www.haritzalde.org/?p=619">Haritzalde</a><br />
<br />
Ezagutu Haritzaldek aurkezturiko komunikazioan zer kontatu genuen
Bilbon burutu zen IV. Biodibertsitateko Kongresuan. Hitzaldiak zeraman
izenburua: <a href="http://www.haritzalde.org/wp-content/uploads/hitzaldia-labur-eusk-2012.pdf" target="_blank">“Planes de gestión de fauna amenazada: ¿herramientas de rescate de la biodiversidad vasca?”</a> (PDF).<br />
<h1>
Hegoaldeko zuhaitz-igeltxoaren Kudeaketa Plana, lardaskeria galanta. Apo lasterkariarekin berdin?</h1>
<a href="http://www.haritzalde.org/wp-content/uploads/planes-haritzalde.pdf" target="_blank">Komunikazioaren aurkezpena (Powerpoint).</a><br />
Bideoa testuaren behekaldean.<br />
Kudeaketa-planak lege betebeharrak dira. Euskal Herrian 42 ornodun espezie dauzkagu “Espezie Mehatxatuen EAEko Katalogoan” <i>Kaltebera</i> edota <i>Galtzeko Zorian</i>
mailatan eta hala ere, hauetatik soilik 13k daukate kudeaketa-plana
onartuta. Baina, kopuruaz gain, kudeaketa-plan hauen kalitatea jakitea
ere ezinbestekoa da. Hori dela eta, kontrako emaitzak dituzten bi
kudeaketa-planen konparaketa egin dugu: apo lasterkariarena Erresuma
Batuan eta <a href="http://www.haritzalde.org/?page_id=109" target="_blank">hegoaldeko zuhaitz-igelarena</a> Gipuzkoan.<br />
Erresuma Batuko apo lasterkariaren kudeaketa-plana egin baino lehen
espeziearen ekologiari buruzko azterketa sakonak egin ziren. Horietan
guztietan oinarrituta <a href="http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/73045" target="_blank">habitataren gaineko ekintzak</a>
izan ziren harturiko lehenengo neurriak. Apoa lurraldearen leku
askotatik desagertua zen eta leku horietan habitataren berreskurapena
egin zuten, batez ere duna eta landa eremuetan. Ugaltze puntu
desberdinak ere eratu zituzten. Behin ingurunea egokia zela indibiduoen
translokazioekin hasi ziren. Ekintza hauek egin eta 12 urte geroago
emaitzak nahiko ondo ikusten ziren: populazioak gora egin zuen eta
eraturiko 26 putzuetatik 19 kolonizatuak izan dira.<br />
Hegoaldeko zuhaitz-igelaren kasua guztiz bestelakoa izan da. <a href="http://www.haritzalde.org/wp-content/uploads/1999-11-18FA_Kudeaketa-plana-Hyla.pdf" target="_blank">Kudeaketa-plan hori 1999</a>.
urtean ipini zen martxan. Garai horretan populazioa leku bakarrean
ugaltzen zen eta urtegi hori arriskuan zegoen industrialde bat
eraikitzeko asmoa zeukatelako. Eta zoritxarrez, horrela gertatu zen!.
Kudeaketa-planaren onarpenaren aitzakiarekin urtegia suntsitu zuten eta
ordainezko neurri moduan askoz txikiagoa den hormigoizko urmaela eraiki
zuten. Helburua hurrengoa zen: bertara ugaltzera doazen animalia guztiak
harrapatu eta eraikitako gainerako <a href="http://www.haritzalde.org/wp-content/uploads/2005-12-23FA_Hylaren-putzuen-katalogoa.pdf" target="_blank">putzuetara</a> (16)
eramatea. Nahiz eta kudeatzaileen helburua animalia leku
korapilatsuetatik kentzea zen, alderantziz atera zitzaien jokaldia eta
urmaelak populazioaren gehiengoa mantentzen du oraindik ere. Gainera,
egindako putzu gehienak ez dira aproposak espeziearentzat edota ez dira
ongi kudeatu. Horren ondorioz, bertara lekuz aldaturiko indibiduoak
hiltzen joan ziren urteak pasa ahala. Badirudi, kasu honetan, politika
kontserbazioa baino garrantzitsuagoa dela eta, beraz, jendearen aurrean
ondo geratzearren “garrantzitsuagoa da animaliak <i>noiz </i>hiltzen diren, <i>hiltzen diren ala ez</i> baino”.<br />
Hamalau urte pasa dira igeltxoaren kudeaketa-plana onartu zenetik eta
orain haren emaitzak ikusten ari gara. Eraturiko 17 putzuetatik soilik
4k mantentzen dute populazio egonkorra. Eta lehorreko habitata, nagusia,
inolako babesik eta neurririk gabe.<br />
Beraz, benetan al dira kudeaketa-planak biodibertsitatearen salbatze
tresnak? Gure ustez, askotan propaganda hutsean bukatzen duten
zentzuzko emaitzarik gabeko ahalegin ekonomikoak besterik ez dira.
Hegoaldeko zuhaitz-igelari gertaturikoa, apo lasterkariari gertatuko al
zaio? Ba momentuz bide beretik doa Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia… Kontuz
gero!<br />
<h3>
<br /></h3>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Rafa Saiz Elizondohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05804924474371400552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-47433939941377756472013-02-13T05:52:00.000-08:002013-02-13T05:52:09.143-08:00¿Por qué NO hay que limpiar los ríos?Iturria: <a href="http://www.laslibrerias.com/librerias/Clasificacion-de-las-Librerias.htm">Cuidando ríos - Alfredo Ollero</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Una demanda recurrente</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cada
vez que asistimos a la crecida de un río emergen las voces de los habitantes
ribereños −alcaldes, agricultores y cualquier persona de la calle− reclamando
la “limpieza” del cauce y asegurando, además sin ningún género de duda por su
parte, que la inundación está siendo grave “por culpa de que el río no está
limpio”.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Esta
interpretación popular de los hechos, tan errónea como abrumadoramente unánime,
resulta muy llamativa y se manifiesta en ríos grandes y pequeños y en cualquier
rincón de la Península. Los medios de comunicación, además, no la ponen en
duda, y constituyen un altavoz permanente de esta demanda. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La
idea de que “hay que limpiar el río” está, por tanto, profundamente enraizada. Quizás
provenga de esa mentalidad ancestral de tantas labores de manejo tradicionales,
como eliminar la maleza y mantener “limpios” los bosques para que no se quemen.
Quizás sea porque en el pasado los cauces se “limpiaban” con frecuencia y sin
contemplaciones, sabiendo que no servía de nada, a modo de “actuación placebo”,
pero se hacía para mantener callado y agradecido al personal y para ganar
votos. En una encuesta reciente en Francia solo los mayores de 65 años siguen
planteando esta medida para luchar contra las inundaciones (“es algo simbólico,
la tradición, aunque no sea efectivo”). Quizás sea porque en España aún se
sigue haciendo cuando se puede, es decir, cuando se pueden evitar o regatear
las normativas ambientales. Así, los gestores públicos se acogen a los procedimientos de emergencia (sinónimo de ausencia de
control ambiental) tras cada crecida para meter las máquinas “limpiadoras” en
el río. Quizás sea que hay intereses económicos en estas prácticas, dinero
público disponible para ello y fuerte presión desde las empresas del sector a
los organismos de gestión. Quizás sea también porque es difícil para los
afectados convivir con las inundaciones y se aferran al recurso de pedir, que
es gratis, y si la “limpieza” se aprueba saben que no les va a costar un euro. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sea
cual sea la causa, no hay crecida en la que no se demande la “limpieza del
río”, incluso con mayor intensidad que otras típicas frases recurrentes como
“si no fuera por los embalses esto habría sido una catástrofe”, “qué pena,
cuánta agua se va a perder en el mar” o “vamos a eludir las trabas ambientales
para ayudaros”, pronunciadas sin rubor por políticos y gestores de turno.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">El
tinglado está montado así. Y, desde luego, las aseveraciones de los científicos
contra estas malas prácticas poco o nada se tienen en cuenta.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">¿En qué consiste realmente limpiar un
río?</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Habría
que poner siempre “limpiar” entre comillas, porque es una expresión inexacta
aunque sea tan tradicional. Realmente limpiar es eliminar lo que está sucio,
por lo que en este caso este verbo debería restringirse a eliminar la basura
(residuos de procedencia humana) que pueda haber en los ríos.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pero
cuando se pide ”limpiar un río” no se pretende liberarlo de basuras, sino
eliminar sedimentos, vegetación viva y madera muerta, es decir, elementos
naturales del propio río. Se demanda, en definitiva, agrandar la sección del
cauce y reducir su rugosidad para que el agua circule en mayor volumen sin
desbordarse y a mayor velocidad. Este es uno de los objetivos de la ingeniería
tradicional, por lo que hay abundante teoría y experiencia al respecto, y se
basa en una visión del río muy primaria y obsoleta, simplemente como conducto y
como enemigo, en absoluto se contempla como el sistema natural diverso y
complejo que realmente es.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Técnicamente,
por tanto, “limpiar” es intentar aumentar la sección de desagüe y suavizar sus
paredes o perímetro mojado, es decir, dragar y arrancar la vegetación. Y para
ello se destruye el cauce, porque se modifica su morfología construida por el
propio río, se rompe el equilibrio hidromorfológico longitudinal, transversal y
vertical, se eliminan sedimentos, que constituyen un elemento clave del
ecosistema fluvial, se elimina vegetación viva, que está ejerciendo unas
funciones de regulación en el funcionamiento del río, se extrae madera muerta,
que también tiene una función fundamental en los procesos geomorfológicos y
ecológicos, y se aniquilan muchos seres vivos, directamente o al destruir sus
hábitats. En definitiva, el río sufre un daño enorme, denunciable de acuerdo
con diferentes directivas europeas y legislación estatal.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Estas
prácticas se realizan con maquinaria pesada, sin vigilancia ambiental, sin
información pública y sin procedimiento de impacto ambiental. En nuestro país
siguen siendo muy generalizadas y constituyen una de las principales causas de
deterioro de nuestros valiosos ecosistemas fluviales. Por poner un ejemplo, en
2005 −época de “vacas gordas”−, se “limpiaron”, es decir, se destruyeron
salvajemente, 150 km de cauces solo en la pequeña cuenca del río Arba (provincia
de Zaragoza), invirtiendo mucho dinero para el que en aquel momento no supieron
encontrar un mejor destino. Hoy algunos de esos cauces masacrados no han podido
recuperarse todavía, pero otros sí lo han hecho, presentando de nuevo un
aspecto afortunadamente bastante natural, por lo que si ahora hubiera dinero
podrían ser objeto de una nueva e inútil actuación de “limpieza”.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Una acción inútil y contraproducente</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Los
daños geomorfológicos y ecológicos provocados por las “limpiezas” fluviales son
enormes y justifican por sí mismos que estas prácticas deberían estar
radicalmente prohibidas. Pero es que, además, son acciones que en nada
benefician al medio socioeconómico, a aquéllos que las demandan.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">En
primer lugar las “limpiezas” son inútiles, ya que en el siguiente episodio de
aguas altas o de crecida el río volverá a acumular materiales en las mismas zonas
“limpiadas”, recuperando en buena medida una morfología muy próxima a la
original. Si se draga el cauce, en las primeras horas de la siguiente crecida
sedimentos movilizados rellenarán los huecos. Si solo se piensa a corto plazo,
a unos meses vista, sí puede que se haya ganado una poca capacidad de desagüe. Pensemos
que en grandes ríos eliminar una capa de gravas de su lecho aumenta mínimamente
la sección de la corriente desbordada, es un efecto despreciable. En el río
Ebro, si se dragara rebajando 1 metro el fondo del lecho en el cauce menor,
para una crecida de 2.000 m<sup>3</sup>/s y teniendo en cuenta el campo de
velocidades, tan solo bajaría el nivel de la corriente unos 8 centímetros en la
misma sección dragada.</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">A medio y largo
plazo la inversión no habrá valido la pena y si se quiere mantener dicha
capacidad de desagüe habrá que seguir “limpiando” una y otra vez. Tras la
pequeña crecida de 2010 se dragó el Ebro en varios puntos (126.000 m<sup>3</sup>)
y hoy durante la crecida del Ebro de enero de 2013 se está pidiendo
insistentemente que se vuelvan a dragar los mismos puntos. “Limpiar” el río es
tirar el dinero, es un despilfarro que no puede admitirse en estos tiempos. Y
no cabe ya ninguna duda de que dragar cauces y arreglar las defensas tras cada
crecida cuesta más dinero que indemnizar las pérdidas agrarias.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En
segundo lugar las “limpiezas” son contraproducentes, ya que pueden provocar
numerosos efectos secundarios muy negativos. Los solicitantes van cada vez más
lejos y llegan a demandar “limpiezas integrales” de ríos enteros para evitar
cualquier inundación, dragados profundos del cauce en toda regla. Los efectos,
tanto si se ejecutaran estos dragados como si se practicaran “limpiezas”
locales repetidas sobre un mismo tramo, serían rápidos e implacables: erosión
remontante, incisión o encajamiento del lecho, irregularización de los fondos,
descenso del freático (con graves consecuencias sobre la vegetación y sobre el
abastecimiento desde pozos), descalzamiento de puentes, escolleras y otras
estructuras, muy probables colapsos si el sustrato presenta simas bajo la capa
aluvial, etc. En suma, los daños pueden ser mucho más costosos que los bienes
que se trataba de defender con la “limpieza”.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La falsa percepción de que el cauce se eleva</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En
algunos tramos fluviales se demandan “limpiezas” porque consideran que está
elevándose el cauce. Generalmente esos procesos de acreción o elevación del lecho
por acumulación sedimentaria no son ciertos. Sí pueden crecer en altura algunas
barras sedimentarias, que se consolidan con la colonización vegetal. Pero son
crecimientos locales que el río compensa en la propia sección transversal, es
decir, si crece una barra (adosada a la orilla o en forma de isla) la corriente
se hace paso profundizando en el lecho al lado de la barra, con lo que la
capacidad de desagüe sigue siendo la misma.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">En
ríos de llanura los ribereños afirman, para justificar las demandas de
“limpieza”, que con crecidas pequeñas cada vez se inundan más campos. Esto no
se debe a la supuesta elevación del cauce, sino al hecho, constatado por
ejemplo en el curso medio del Ebro, de que se inundan terrenos muy alejados del
cauce por la presión del agua desde el freático. Esto es causado por contar con
defensas en ambas márgenes que comprimen el flujo y lo inyectan con fuerza a
las capas subterráneas, de manera que la crecida se expande antes hacia los
laterales bajo el suelo que en superficie. Este proceso es más intenso cuanto
más lenta sea la crecida y encontramos aquí uno de los múltiples problemas
generados por la regulación. En los grandes ríos se juega ahora tanto con la
gestión de los embalses de sus subcuencas que se deforman totalmente las
crecidas naturales, de manera que para evitar que coincidan las puntas de cada
afluente se termina generando una crecida con la menor punta posible (para
evitar daños en poblaciones) pero, en consecuencia, muy larga en el tiempo,
tardando varios días en pasar esos caudales, lo cual es mucho más perjudicial
para la agricultura. Pues bien, estas crecidas tan lentas recargan los
acuíferos aluviales con gran eficacia, generando estas cada vez más frecuentes inundaciones
freáticas de amplias extensiones.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Por
la misma causa antrópica, en casos puntuales y muy locales, y siempre en tramos
regulados y defendidos, el cauce sí puede crecer ligeramente por acumulación de
materiales. Se debe a que se ha constreñido el río con las defensas y a que la
regulación de caudales impide la correcta movilidad y transporte de los
sedimentos. Hay que reflexionar, por tanto: si se quieren mantener los actuales
sistemas de defensa con diques longitudinales habrá que aceptar ciertas
consecuencias, como que la carga sedimentaria no pueda expandirse en la llanura
de inundación y se mantenga dentro del cauce. Y si se quiere tener embalses
reguladores, cada vez más y mayores, habrá que aceptar la abundante vegetación
que favorecen en los cauces aguas abajo. En suma, si hubiera más crecidas
naturales la vegetación crecería menos y los sedimentos se clasificarían mejor,
y si retiráramos las motas se distribuirían más los sedimentos lateralmente.
Pero la propia invasión humana del espacio del río y el empeño por regular y
controlar los caudales han sido las causas de que los cauces estén en
permanente ajuste frente a los impactos que sufren y presenten unas
características que hoy se consideran negativas cuando llegan los procesos de
inundación.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La limpieza la hace el río</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Y
es que son precisamente las crecidas fluviales los mecanismos que tiene el río
para “limpiar” periódicamente su propio cauce. Y el río lo hace bien, mucho
mejor que nosotros, tiene centenares de miles de años de experiencia. El
sistema fluvial es un sistema de transporte y de regulación. El cauce sirve
para transportar agua, sedimentos y seres vivos, y con su propia morfología
diseñada por sí mismo, y con la ayuda de la vegetación de ribera, es capaz de
auto-regular sus excesos, sus crecidas. Este sistema natural es mucho mejor y
más eficiente que el que hemos creado con los embalses y las defensas.
Deberíamos intentar imitarlo dando mayor espacio al río y regulándolo menos,
dejándole cuantas más crecidas mejor. Todo lo contrario de lo que se está
haciendo con la chapuza de las “limpiezas”.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Las
crecidas distribuyen y clasifican los sedimentos y ordenan la vegetación, la
colocan en bandas. Esto sí que es realmente limpiar, renovar el cauce. También
lo limpian de especies invasoras y de poblaciones excesivas de determinadas
especies, como las algas que han proliferado en los últimos años en tantos
cauces. Cuantas más crecidas disfruten, mejor estarán nuestros ríos.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sí
que podemos ayudar al río en sus labores de limpieza, simplemente retirando
basuras del cauce residuo por residuo, manualmente, sin emplear maquinaria, o
bien retirar madera muerta de puentes o represas donde haya quedado retenida y
pueda incrementar el riesgo, reubicando esa madera en el interior de bosques de
ribera para que siga cumpliendo su función en el ecosistema fluvial. Estas sí
serían buenas prácticas de limpieza y mantenimiento.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vamos
a ver si por fin se entra en razón, se dejan de demandar “limpiezas”, se piensa
un poco más en cómo funciona un río y en qué se puede hacer para gestionarlo
mejor, y se buscan soluciones civilizadas frente a las inundaciones, soluciones
no de fuerza contra el río, sino de ordenación del territorio, como indica la
directiva europea de inundaciones. Hay que mirar más allá del corto plazo,
porque inundaciones va a seguir habiendo, las habrá siempre, y las zonas
inundables, por definición, se inundan y se inundarán siempre.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conclusión final</span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">La
“limpieza” es una actuación destructiva del cauce que no sirve para reducir los
riesgos de inundación y que puede originar graves consecuencias tanto en el
medio natural como en los usos humanos del espacio fluvial. Es necesaria una
labor continua de concienciación y educación para conseguir que las sociedades
ribereñas renuncien a este tipo de acciones y promuevan mecanismos alternativos
de gestión y convivencia con el riesgo.</span></span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></b><span class="post-author vcard"><span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/00178393646511825668" rel="author" title="author profile">
<span itemprop="name">Dr. Alfredo Ollero Ojeda (Univ. de Zaragoza y Centro Ibérico de Restauración Fluvial)</span>
</a>
</span>
</span>
<span class="post-timestamp">
</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-92013377963671972262012-12-22T09:17:00.000-08:002012-12-22T09:17:20.048-08:00Paradisuko hegaztiak: ez hutsik egiteko moduko bideoa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Rafa Saiz Elizondohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05804924474371400552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-4811036156992927992012-12-20T06:26:00.002-08:002012-12-20T06:27:49.988-08:00Can Birds Make Us Happy?Iturria: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121217234936.htm">Science Daily</a><br />
<br />
<div id="first">
<span class="date">Dec. 17, 2012</span> — <b>As millions
of us post our Christmas cards -- many of which star a robin red breast
-- ecologists are investigating whether birds make us happy. Speaking at
this week's British Ecological Society Annual Meeting, researchers will
reveal how they are investigating the links between birds and our
well-being, and explain how their results -- due out next year -- could
have a major impact on UK bird conservation.</b></div>
<div id="seealso">
<hr />
</div>
There has been an increasing amount of research on the health
benefits of green spaces such as parks and nature reserves, but we know
far less about how the wildlife within these habitats contributes
towards well-being benefits.<br />
Take wild birds for example says PhD student Natalie Clark from the
University of Reading, who is leading the study: "Most of us say we
enjoy seeing wild birds in our local environments every day, be that the
friendly robin visiting our garden each Christmas or ducks swimming in
the local pond. But we have little idea of how much we value their
presence and how they're contributing to our overall well-being."<br />
Given the declining numbers of many bird species the study -- which
also involves the University of East Anglia, the RSPB and the University
of Chicago -- is timely. "Any well-being benefit we may be receiving
could soon be in jeopardy as numbers of many wild bird species have
declined across the UK since the 1970s," says Clark.<br />
"We know that wild birds are very important to a significant
proportion of people living in the UK, with more than 60% of people with
a garden providing supplementary food to birds. What we need to
understand next is how and to what degree wild birds are benefiting
people in the UK, so that we can work to conserve these birds and the
well-being benefits they provide for future generations. This is
particularly important at a time when many of us are feeling the
'economic pinch' and will appreciate benefits from increased well-being
to an even greater degree."<br />
Participants from across the UK have been filling in questionnaires
designed to find out how often they visit green spaces and why, and to
measure how differing levels of bird activity near people's homes may be
affecting their well-being.<br />
According to Clark: "We're really interested in the reasons why
people visit green spaces and how important different aspects of
wildlife, particularly birds, are to their outdoor experiences. That
friendly robin hopping across your lawn might be more important than you
could imagine."<br />
Results from the study are expected in the spring, and the three and a
half year project is funded by the Natural Environment Research
Council, with additional support from the RSPB.<br />
Natalie Clark will outline the study on Tuesday 18 December 2012 to
the British Ecological Society's Annual Meeting at the University of
Birmingham.<br />
<br />
<hr />
<b>Story Source:</b><br />
The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=127015&CultureCode=en" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/" target="_blank"><b><span id="source">British Ecological Society (BES)</span></b></a>, via AlphaGalileo. <div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-61894172197162164952012-12-20T06:25:00.001-08:002012-12-20T06:25:02.075-08:00Birdsong Bluster May Dupe Strange Females, but It Won't Fool Partners<em>Iturria: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121218203511.htm">Science Daily</a></em><br />
<br />
<em> </em><br />
<div id="first">
<span class="date">Dec. 18, 2012</span> — <b>Male birds use their song to dupe females they have just met by pretending they are in excellent physical condition</b>.</div>
<div id="seealso">
<hr />
</div>
Just as some men try to cast themselves in a better light when they
approach would-be dates, so male birds in poor condition seek to portray
that they are fitter than they really are. But males do not even try to
deceive their long-term partners, who are able to establish the true
condition of the male by their song.<br />
Researchers at the University of Exeter studied zebra finches to
establish how trustworthy birdsong was in providing honest signals about
the male's value as a mate. Singing is a test of the condition of birds
because it uses a lot of energy. Fit and healthy birds are thought to
be able to sustain a high song rate for longer, making them more
attractive to females.<br />
The research team, which included scientists from the Université de
Bourgogne in France, looked at short and longer encounters with unknown
females, as well as patterns of song around females who were familiar to
them.<br />
The team discovered that males in poor condition could "cheat" and
vary their song to give a false impression to stranger females. But they
did not even try to fool those who knew them, who used song as a
reliable test of their underlying qualities. The research is published
on December 19 in the journal <em>Proceedings of the </em><em>Royal Society B</em>.<br />
Dr Sasha Dall, of the University of Exeter, was involved in the
research. He said: "Every man wants to cast himself in a favourable
light when he meets an attractive female, and we have shown that birds
are no different. But just like many humans, it seems zebra finch males
are unable to dupe females who know them well enough. When the birds
were in an established relationship, the female could tell the true
condition of a male by his song, and judge whether he would make a good
father for her next brood."<br />
Zebra finches are Australia's most popular finch. They make common
pets and are widely used in scientific research. They are particularly
easy to keep, and adapt extremely well to their surroundings. For zebra
finches, both colour and birdsong are important factors in choosing a
mate.<br />
The research was funded through a young researcher prize of the
Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation for life sciences and a PhD grant, as
well as two honorific master grants provided by the Conseil Régional de
Bourgogne in France.<br />
The team studied 91 male and 91 female birds from a colony at the
Université de Bourgogne and 12 of each gender from a colony at the
University of Exeter. The body condition of each of the birds was
measured. Scientists then videoed both brief and longer encounters
between birds of each gender who were unknown to each other, and
patterns of behaviour when they were with their mate, with whom they
pair for life. They were also monitored to see if they showed signs of
mutual attraction and going on to breed.<br />
In the study, there was no difference in the singing of male single
birds in either short or long encounters with unknown females. But, when
in front of their partners, paired birds who were in good condition
sang at a higher rate than those in poor condition.<br />
Dr Morgan David, who led the research, said: "This is the first study
to find evidence that the link between male body condition and birdsong
differs depending on the context of the encounter with the opposite
sex. It could have significant implications for learning more about the
evolution of courtship patterns such as birdsong."<br />
<br /><hr />
<strong>Story Source:</strong><br />
The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/uoe-bbm121412.php" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><strong><span id="source">University of Exeter</span></strong></a>, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS. <div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-80555536067533422002012-12-20T06:23:00.001-08:002012-12-20T06:23:18.996-08:00Boreal Bird Species of Conservation Concern Affected by Climate ChangeIturria: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121217110724.htm">Science Daily</a><br />
<br />
<div id="first">
<span class="date">Dec. 17, 2012</span> —<b> A protected area
network should ensure the maintenance of biodiversity, but climate is
changing rapidly, thereby creating further demand for the protected area
network to be efficient in preserving biota. Due to climate change
species ranges are expected to move polewards, which poses challenges to
the protected area network.</b></div>
<div id="seealso">
<hr />
</div>
Population changes of different bird species groups according to
their habitat preferences in boreal protected areas in Finland were
studied on the basis of large-scale bird censuses carried out in 1981
and in 2000. Mean temperatures rose clearly between the two time slices
in Finland, for example, mean April-June temperature by 0.7 °C.<br />
The study "Preserving species populations in the boreal zone in a
changing climate: contrasting trends of bird species groups in a
protected area network" by Raimo Virkkala from the Finnish Environment
Institute and Ari Rajasärkkä from Metsähallitus was published in the
open access journal <em>Nature Conservation</em>. Bird censuses were
compiled and organized by Metsähallitus, which governs the stated-owned
protected areas in Finland. Tens of competent ornithologists carried out
the censuses, which included altogether over 11,600 km of line
transects.<br />
According to the study, population densities of common forest habitat
generalists remained the same between the two periods, while densities
of species of conservation concern showed contrasting trends: species
preferring old-growth or mature forests increased, but those living on
mires and wetlands, and species of Arctic mountains decreased.<br />
"These trends are most probably connected with climate change, but
successional changes in protected areas and regional habitat alteration
should also be taken into account," says Dr Virkkala, the leading author
of the study. Of species preferring old-growth or mature forests, a
larger proportion are southern than among species of mires and wetlands,
or of Arctic mountains, most or all of which, respectively, had a
northerly distribution.<br />
In general, northern species have decreased and southern species
increased. It is suggested that climate change effects on species in
natural boreal and Arctic habitats most probably are habitat-specific
with large differences in response times and susceptibility. Open mires
and mountain heaths change more rapidly in consequence of climate
warming than old-growth forests, for which reason populations on mires
and mountain heaths may also be more affected by climate change.<br />
<br /><hr />
<strong>Story Source:</strong><br />
<blockquote>
The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/pp-bbs121712.php" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.pensoft.net/" target="_blank"><strong><span id="source">Pensoft Publishers</span></strong></a>, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS. <br />
<em>Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.</em></blockquote>
<hr />
<strong>Journal Reference</strong>:<br />
<ol style="margin: 5px 0 5px 18px; padding: 0;">
<li>Virkkala R, Rajasärkkä A. <strong>Preserving species populations in
the boreal zone in a changing climate: contrasting trends of bird
species groups in a protected area network</strong>. <em>Nature Conservation</em>, 2012; 3: 1 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.3.3635" target="_blank">10.3897/natureconservation.3.3635</a></li>
</ol>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-19684416302941283382012-12-15T08:38:00.001-08:002012-12-15T08:38:41.485-08:00Bird Beaks Show Why 'Sister' Species Don't Live Together<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/#.UMynVdKHtbA.blogger">ScienceDaily</a>:<br />
<br />
<div id="first"><span class="date">Dec. 14, 2012</span> — <b>A study of closely-related bird species has found that they do not coexist in the same region because they remain too ecologically similar and will out-compete each other, not because of geographical barriers or unsuitable habitats.</b></div><div id="seealso"> <hr /><a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121214215042-large.jpg" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="187" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121214215042.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><em>Campylorhamphus trochilirostris. (Credit: Joseph Tobias)</em></div></div>Oxford University scientists examined 'sister' species -- species that are each other's closest relatives -- of the 'ovenbird' family from South America. They compared data on when these species diverged and where they live today and found that those that have been separated for longest and have evolved very different beaks were able to coexist more rapidly after they became two separate species.<br />
The findings suggest that species displaced due to climate change may not be able to survive in what appears to be a suitable new habitat because a related species already living there will out-compete them for resources.<br />
A report of the research appears this week in <em>Ecology Letters.</em><br />
'Competitive exclusion between species is generally thought to be limited to relatively small spatial scales, such as between individual birds or across local patches of habitat,' said Dr Alex Pigot of Oxford University's Department of Zoology, lead author of the report. 'In our work we are able to show that competition is a major factor responsible for excluding closely-related species from entire regions. The key was being able to rule out other explanations like geographical barriers, such as rivers, or unsuitable habitats from being the main barriers to 'sister' species co-existing.'<br />
'Ovenbirds' (Furnariidae), so called because in some species their domed nests resemble a traditional Dutch oven, are found throughout South America; there are hundreds of species inhabiting a range of environments from deserts and grasslands to tropical forests. The Oxford team chose to study them because their very diverse beaks give useful information on how related species have evolved to fill particular ecological niches.<br />
'The beak is the main tool used by birds for capturing and consuming food items and so has been moulded by natural selection to fit this purpose,' said Dr Pigot. 'In ovenbirds some species have evolved bizarrely long curved bills in order to prise insects from bamboo stems or beneath the bark of trees, but only one such species tends to live in any given place. Our results suggest that it can take a long time to evolve a foraging niche different enough to allow coexistence amongst related species.'<br />
As environments become hotter or drier, for instance due to climate change, it has been generally assumed that species will track suitable conditions and move to new locations. This new research shows that the area of suitable habitats could be much smaller than current estimates suggest, as many regions will already be occupied by related species that will out-compete any newcomers. This implies that the full impact of environmental change cannot be understood without considering competitive interactions between species.<br />
<br />
<hr /> <strong>Story Source:</strong><br />
The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/121212.html" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><strong><span id="source">University of Oxford</span></strong></a>. <br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-40368550471673810752012-12-15T08:37:00.001-08:002012-12-15T08:37:32.254-08:00If You Cut Down a Tree in the Forest, Can Wildlife Hear It?<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/#.UMynFNk0yJ4.blogger">ScienceDaily</a>:<br />
<br />
<div id="first"><span class="date">Dec. 14, 2012</span> — <b>A new tool developed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and its partners is being used by scientists and land managers to model how noise travels through landscapes and affects species and ecosystems -- a major factor in land and wildlife management decisions such as where to locate new roads or recreational trails.</b></div><div id="seealso"> <hr /><a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121214112614-large.jpg" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="199" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121214112614.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><em>“A new tool is being used by scientists and land managers to model how noise travels through landscapes and affects wildlife.” (Credit: Julie Larsen Maher, copyright WCS)</em></div></div>The tool, SPreAD-GIS, uses spatial data layers to predict how sound spreads from a source through the surrounding landscape and how it is affected by such factors as vegetation, terrain, weather conditions, and background sound levels. By determining how sound propagates, potential impacts to wildlife can be forecasted. Such impacts can include reducing habitat quality, altering the geographic distribution of species, disrupting animal communication, and causing stress.<br />
In an example discussed in the paper, the sensitivities of humans and owls to motor vehicle sound levels were compared. The results of the SPreAD-GIS analysis showed that in the same location, motor vehicle noise would affect owls in an area 45 percent larger than the area affected for humans. Exposure to noise may affect an owl's livelihood as the animal relies on its acute sense of hearing to detect even the slightest movement of its prey.<br />
WCS Scientist Sarah Reed said, "Exposure to human-caused noise can change the game for many species. Those species that are less tolerant of noise can be put at a disadvantage and ultimately, this may result in a loss in biodiversity. By predicting what the effects of sound will be on a bird or mammal species in advance, we can more adequately balance our land-use planning decisions with conservation considerations."<br />
Reed and colleagues are currently using SPreAD-GIS and field measurements of motor vehicle noise to forecast the area affected for bird and mammal communities in the Sierra National Forest in California. In addition, the model has been downloaded by hundreds of users in more than 25 countries and used for diverse education, research, and management applications. This includes modeling potential noise propagation from roads, recreational activity, heavy equipment, residential development, and natural resource extraction.<br />
Reed added, "Most existing tools are used to understand noise in human-dominated environments and don't incorporate factors affecting noise propagation in natural systems. This tool is free and relatively user-friendly for the average desktop GIS user, and comes at a time when ecologists are just beginning to understand the critical role that sound disturbances play in affecting wildlife."<br />
Reed started the SPreAD-GIS project as a scientist with The Wilderness Society (TWS) and completed it as a Smith Conservation Research Fellow and WCS employee. The model is available for download from TWS's Landscape Collaborative (<a href="http://www.landscapecollaborative.org/" target="_blank" title="http://www.landscapecollaborative.org">www.landscapecollaborative.org</a>) website.<br />
The tool is described in the November print edition of the journal <em>Environmental Modeling & Software</em>. Authors include Sarah E. Reed of the Wildlife Conservation Society and Colorado State University, Jennifer L. Boggs, formerly of The Wilderness Society, and Jacob P. Mann.<br />
<br />
<hr /> <strong>Story Source:</strong><br />
<blockquote>The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://www.wcs.org/press/press-releases/tree-forest-wildlife.aspx" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.wcs.org/" target="_blank"><strong><span id="source">Wildlife Conservation Society</span></strong></a>. <br />
<em>Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.</em></blockquote><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-73852123290796769242012-12-15T07:02:00.001-08:002012-12-15T07:02:33.531-08:00Scientists Develop Novel Method to Study Parasite Numbers in Wild Seabirds<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/#.UMyQqZ5D2tY.blogger">Iturria: ScienceDaily</a><br />
<br />
<div id="first" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="date">Dec. 13, 2012</span> — <b>Scientists have developed a new method for studying parasite numbers in the stomachs of individual seabirds in the wild. The technique enables the recording of video footage of worms inside seabird stomachs and is an important step forward in understanding the impact of parasites on seabird populations.</b></div><div id="seealso"> <hr /><a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121213084935-large.jpg" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="199" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121213084935.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
<div id="caption" style="padding: 5px 0 10px 0;"><em>Shag on the Isle of May. (Credit: Mark Newell / Centre for Ecology & Hydrology)</em></div></div>The research is published today (Dec. 13, 2012) in the scientific journal <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em>.<br />
The research team trialled the use of endoscopy, often used in human and veterinary medicine but rarely in field situations, to measure natural parasite loads, or burdens, of European shags, a member of the cormorant family. The new study is part of ongoing work into how different factors such as gut parasites might affect the breeding success or survival of seabirds.<br />
Shags have nematode worms (<em>Contracaecum rudolphii</em>) in their stomachs, obtained from their fish diet. These worms feed directly on food obtained by the birds, reducing for the food available to both parent and chicks.<br />
The team behind today's study was led by Dr Sarah Burthe from the NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) in the UK. Dr Burthe and colleagues from CEH collaborated with scientists from the University of Edinburgh (UK), Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (UK), Aarhus University, (Denmark) and the Natural History Museum, London (UK). The study was carried out on the Isle of May NNR, an important seabird colony off the east coast of Scotland which has been intensively studied since the 1970s.<br />
Dr Burthe said, "Endoscopy is used routinely in veterinary and human medicine but to our knowledge has not been used to measure parasites in wild animals. Our new method using an endoscope is a rapid, reliable and repeatable way of looking at gut parasites in European shags which has no obvious adverse effects."<br />
The study found that all birds had parasitesranging from low burdens of several worms through to high burdens of more than 40 worms. Burdens were significantly higher in males and in late breeders. There was a slight seasonal decline in worm counts within individuals.<br />
One way to get an understanding of the impact of parasites on breeding success and survival is to treat birds with an anti-parasite drug to reduce or remove worm burdens and then compare to untreated birds. However, until now the lack of a method to measure parasite numbers effectively has made it difficult to know whether such treatments have worked. The use of the endoscope enabled the researchers to conclude that, at a suitable dose, the anti-parasite drug completely removed nematode worms from the stomach of treated shags.<br />
Study co-author Dr Francis Daunt, a population ecologist at the NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology said, "Being able to monitor individual parasite burdens is a major step forward in this field of research. We are hopeful this new technique could be applied to other wild animal systems, possibly including reptile, mammal and other bird hosts."<br />
Dr Burthe added, "Endoscopy opens up some interesting research questions, enabling us to more fully explore the role parasites play in impacting the breeding success and survival of seabirds, particularly how impacts may vary with changes in prey availability."<br />
Why use endoscopy to study parasites in wild seabirds?<br />
Parasites are an important part of ecosystems, occurring in all wild animal species and playing an important part in the evolutionary process. Relatively few studies have focussed on gut parasites in wild animals, in part because it is very difficult to measure parasite levels in hosts without resorting to examining animal carcasses or counting eggs in faeces, both of which can be unreliable measures. Some previous ways of studying parasites in wild populations have involved killing birds.<br />
The endoscopy method is rapid and well suited to species that routinely swallow large prey items and/or where chicks feed by inserting their heads into the parent's throat. Observations from this study confirmed that Shags went straight back to their broods and their breeding success was as high as pairs that were not endoscoped.<br />
Endoscopy is a licensed procedure and was undertaken under a Home Office Project Licence and conducted by trained personnel. The work had full ethical approval from the University of Edinburgh and CEH's Ethics Committees and the Home Office. As this was a novel technique that is usually undertaken in a clinical setting, the work was initially carried out under full independent veterinary supervision.<br />
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<hr /> <strong>Story Source:</strong><br />
<blockquote>The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/press/novel-method-parasite-numbers-seabirds-PR.asp" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.ceh.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><strong><span id="source">Centre for Ecology and Hydrology</span></strong></a>. <br />
<em>Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.</em></blockquote><hr /> <strong>Journal Reference</strong>:<br />
<ol style="margin: 5px 0 5px 18px; padding: 0;"><li>Sarah Burthe, Mark A. Newell, Gidona Goodman, Adam Butler, Thomas Bregnballe, Eileen Harris, Sarah Wanless, Emma J.A. Cunningham, Francis Daunt. <strong>Endoscopy as a novel method for assessing endoparasite burdens in free-ranging European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis)</strong>. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em>, 2012; DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12015" target="_blank">10.1111/2041-210x.12015</a></li>
</ol><div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-30592415740817069392012-12-11T01:41:00.003-08:002012-12-11T01:41:58.871-08:00Turbera de Saldropo, su registro palinológico y el hayaInteresnatísimos daots, tomados del blog de JA Pérez de Ana.<br />
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Iturria: <a href="http://macizodelgorbea.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/turbera-de-saldropo-su-registro.html">Blog MACIZO DEL GORBEA</a><br />
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Turbera de Saldropo, su registro palinológico y el haya </h3>
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En las páginas 169-172 del libro "<a href="http://www.paleofloraiberica.net/CAPITULOS_files/PALEOFLORA.pdf" target="_blank">Paleoflora y paleovegetación de la Península Ibérica e Islas Balaeares</a>" (130 MB) o solo del capítulo dedicado al <a href="http://www.paleofloraiberica.net/CAPITULOS_files/04_PAIS_VASCO.pdf" target="_blank">País Vasco</a>, publicado en 2012, se resumen los resultados de dos estudios palinológicos de la turbera de Saldropo, municipio de Zeanuri (Bizkaia). Mientras existía, se tomaron muestras de turba que analizaron en sendos estudios Mercedes García-Antón y María Cristina Peñalba Garmendia. En las turberas, debido a la acidez y la falta de oxígeno, se conserva en buen estado el polen producido por las plantas del entorno, en capas sucesivas que siguen, como es lógico, el orden cronológico, siendo más antiguas las profundas y más recientes las superficiales.</div>
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Gracias al estudio del polen conservado en la turbera de Saldropo y la datación mediante C14 se conoce qué especies de la flora y en qué abundancia vivían en el Macizo del Gorbea desde hace 6.420 años. Para el primer estudio, de Mercedes García-Antón, publicado en 1989 en el artículo "<a href="http://www.ingeba.org/lurralde/lurranet/lur12/12GARCIA/12GARCIA.htm" target="_blank">Análisis geomorfológico y palinológico de la turbera de Saldropo (Barazar. Zeanuri/Bizkaia)</a>" en el número 12 de la revista <em>Lurralde, </em>se tomaron muestras de 260 cm de profundidad directamente sobre el corte durante la explotación de la turbera. En el estudio de María Cristina Peñalba Garmendia, publicado en 1994, se tomaron muestras de 350 cm de profundidad.</div>
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El análisis del polen depositado en la desaparecida turbera de Saldropo ha permitido conocer que el haya (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>) estaba ausente hace 6.420 años en el Macizo del Gorbea. Apareció hace 5.170 años, pero su expansión se produjo desde hace 3.900 años y se volvió la vegetación dominante hace 2.540 años y así permaneció hasta hace 850 años, cuando comenzó su declive por la desforestación provocada por el ser humano para generar pastizales para el ganado. Tomé estas fotografías el 9 de diciembre de 2012 en el Humedal de Saldropo, municipio de Zeanuri (Bizkaia).</div>
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En esta fotografía se muestran en color rojo las 5,6 hectáreas del Humedal de Saldropo, donde se encontraba la turbera de Saldropo, explotada hasta su total agotamiento.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-17140271687574676962012-12-11T01:40:00.001-08:002012-12-11T01:40:07.298-08:00IMPORTANTE PRESENCIA DE COLIMBOS Y CORMORANES MOÑUDOS EN LA DESEMBOCADURA DEL NERVIÓN Gorka, como siempre, aportando información abundante y de calidad, y además actual.<br />
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Iturria: <a href="http://gorkaocio.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/importante-presencia-de-colimbos-y.html">El Blog de Gorka Ocio</a><br />
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<span><span style="font-size: x-small;">martes, 11 de diciembre de 2012</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">IMPORTANTE PRESENCIA DE COLIMBOS Y CORMORANES MOÑUDOS EN LA DESEMBOCADURA DEL NERVIÓN </span></h3>
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Este invierno hemos realizado la V temporada de avistamientos de aves por el Abra y la ría del Nervión, organizados por el Área de Turismo del Ayuntamiento de Santurtzi (Bizkaia). Para ello hemos tenido varias jornadas de visitas tanto a pie como con embarcación a motor.</div>
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Los fuertes temporales sufridos a primeros de diciembre hacían presagiar una importante entrada de aves en busca de refugio y con la posibilidad de asentarse en nuestras aguas. Sin embargo y a pesar de contabilizarse un importante paso de álcidos por los cabos cercanos como Getaria (Gipuzkoa) y Ajo (Cantabria) gracias a los censos de Asier Aldalur y Jesús Menéndez respectivamente, este año apenas han entrado álcidos en las aguas interiores. Algo que ha contrastado mucho con la invernada de cientos de alcas (<span style="font-style: normal;">Alca torda</span>) y decenas de Araos comunes (<i>Uria aalge</i>) del año pasado.</div>
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Y es que llama mucho la atención las diferencias de un año a otro. El año pasado apenas hubo colimbos en la desembocadura del Nervión. Sin embargo este año hemos avistado casi una decena de Colimbos chicos (<i>Gavia stellata</i>) entre la Playa de Ereaga y la Playa de La Bola en Getxo. De hecho, se ha podido disfrutar mucho de ellos desde la costa gracias a la costumbre que tienen de pescar muy cerca de la orilla.</div>
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Lo mismo nos ha pasado con los amenazados Cormoranes moñudos (<i>Pharacrocorax aristotelis</i>). Las voces de alerta de nuestros compañeros David Álvarez y Jon Hidalgo sobre las graves amenazas que se ciernen sobre las poblaciones asturianas y vascas que estudian, con la utilización de tresmallos por parte de pescadores “artesanales”... redes de fondo y nada selectivas que se arrian muy cerca de la costa. Este último domingo 9 de diciembre nos vimos sorprendidos con dos pesqueros cántabros arriando sus redes muy cerca de la orilla y en la playa de Ereaga. Lugar habitual de pesca de nuestros amenazados cormoranes y otras aves buceadoras.</div>
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Estas aguas las utiliza entre otros, un cormorán moñudo jóven y anillado por Jon Hidalgo en la Isla de Billano (Bizkaia). La anilla verde con los dígitos AX nos permite conocer un poco más sobre su zona de invernada y costumbres pesqueras.</div>
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Estas aguas abiertas también están siendo utilizadas por unos pocos Somormujos lavancos (<i>Podiceps cristatus</i>), una solitaria hembra tuerta de Serreta mediana (<i>Mergus serrator</i>)</div>
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así como un par de Negrones comunes... hembra adulta (<i>Melanitta nigra</i>)...</div>
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hembra jóven...</div>
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Con las nieblas matinales hemos sorprendido a otras aves menos habituales y que en algunos casos han preferido hacer un alto en el camino esperando una mejoría para continuar su migración. Esto ha hecho un grupito de Ánades frisos (<i>Anas strepera</i>)</div>
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Cercetas comunes (<i>Anas crecca</i>), Ánades reales (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>)</div>
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e incluso media docena de Grullas comunes (<i>Grus grus</i>), aunque estas no llegaron a posarse.</div>
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En sus orillas y alimentándos en pequeñas charcas y en las rocas encontramos a la Garceta común (<i>Egretta garzetta</i>)</div>
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a los inquietos Correlimos oscuros (<i>Calidris maritima</i>)</div>
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un solitario Correlimos tridáctilo (<i>Calidris alba</i>)</div>
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Andarrios chico (<i>Actitis hypoleucos</i>)</div>
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y prácticamnete por todas sus orillas incluso andando entre la gente a los cada vez más abundantes y confiados Vuelvepiedras (<i>Arenaria interpres</i>).</div>
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Enfrente del Marítimo de Las Arenas hay un velero con un inmovil habittante. Un buho real mantiene firme su guardia para evitar que las gaviotas y cormoranes grandes (<i>Pharacrocorax carbo</i>) manchen con sus deyecciones la embarcación. Se trata de un pájaro de plástico y sí ha cumplido su cometido... la embarcación no presenta manchas de pájaros... sin embargo no podemos decir lo mismo de él. Está literalmente cagado por las aves. Ya no muestra peligro y éstas parecen “vengarse” ante tanta osadia. La verdad es que nos provocó una buena sonrisa.</div>
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Si bien este señuelo es ninguneado por los cormoranes, la persecución al que están siendo sometidos por la presión de los pescadores “deportivos” los han vuelto excesivamente desconfiados. Es una gran pena. Ya no dejan ni pasar a más de cien metros de distancia de ellos mientras remontamos la ría. A la mínima levantan el vuelo. Aunque quienes se acerquen a ellos sean deportistas desde sus embarcaciones a remo.</div>
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Menos esquivos tenemos a los pequeños Zampullines cuellinegros (<i>Podiceps nigricollis</i>)</div>
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En cuanto a gaviotas. No tiene nada que ver con otros años y más tras el cierre del vertedero de getxotarra de Fadura. Sólo podemos disfrutar de abundantes gaviotas medianas y pequeñas coincidiendo con temporales. Así podemos disfrutar de buenos números de Gaviotas enanas (Larus <i>minutus)</i></div>
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y de Gaviotas cabecinegras (<i>Larus melanocephalus</i>).</div>
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Otras gaviotas... las patiamarillas (<i>Larus michaellis</i>)</div>
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Gaviotas reidoras (<i>Larus ridibundus</i>)</div>
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Gaviotas sombrías (<i>Larus fuscus graellsii</i>)</div>
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Un saludete</div>
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Gorka Ocio</div>
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<span class="post-author vcard">Publicado por <span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/02670143672648918911" rel="author" title="author profile"><span itemprop="name">Gorka Ocio</span> </a></span></span><span class="post-timestamp">en <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://gorkaocio.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/importante-presencia-de-colimbos-y.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" title="2012-12-11T00:30:00-08:00">00:30</abbr></a> </span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8325344197056774873.post-60111798997853987522012-12-07T13:20:00.003-08:002012-12-07T13:20:43.231-08:00Drought in the Horn of Africa Delays Migrating BirdsIturria: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121206142012.htm">Science Daily</a><br />
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<div id="first">
<span class="date">ScienceDaily (Dec. 6, 2012)</span> —
<b>The catastrophic drought last year in the Horn of Africa affected
millions of people but also caused the extremely late arrival into
northern Europe of several migratory songbird species, a study published
December 6 in <em>Science </em>shows. Details of the migration route
was revealed by data collected from small backpacks fitted on birds
showing that the delay resulted from an extended stay in the Horn of
Africa.</b></div>
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<a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121206142012-large.jpg" rel="thumbnail"><img alt="" border="0" height="199" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/12/121206142012.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
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<em>Thrush nightingale. (Credit: Mikkel W.
Kristensen)</em></div>
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The extensive 2011 drought in the Horn of Africa had significant
consequences for European songbirds such as thrush nightingale and
red-backed shrike. These birds visit northern Europe every spring to
mate and take advantage of ample summer food resources.<br />
However, their spring migrating route from southern Africa to
northern latitudes passes directly through the Horn of Africa, where the
birds stop to feed and refuel for the next stage of their migration.<br />
"Our research was able to couple the birds' delayed arrival in Europe
with that stopover in the Horn of Africa. Here they stayed about a week
longer in 2011 than in the years before and after 2011. Because of the
drought, the birds would have needed longer to feed and gain energy for
their onward travel, causing delayed arrival and breeding in Europe.
This supports our theory that migrating animals in general are dependent
on a series of areas to reach their destination,"says Associate
Professor Anders Tøttrup from the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and
Climate at the University of Copenhagen.<br />
<strong>Data loggers as a backpack </strong><br />
The late spring arrival of European songbirds such asthrush
nightingale and red-backed shrike perplexed researchers and bird
watchers in 2011.<br />
This mystery was even greater considering these songbirds' tendency
to arrive progressively earlier over the last 50 years as climate change
has made its impact.<br />
By placing small data loggers on the backs of several birds in the
autumn before their migration to Africa, and retrieving them in the
spring when the birds returned to Europe, the scientists were able to
trace the migration route and stopover sites. These data revealed a
delay in the particular stopover in the Horn of Africa. Additionally, it
was noted that other migrating birds not passing through the Horn of
Africa arrived in Europe at the expected time.<br />
"We have reconstructed 26 migration routes based on data from the
small 'data backpacks' weighing just 1 gram. This new technology
provides us with a detailed picture of the birds' migration and
stopovers. It is brand-new territory to be able to track animals this
small over such great distances<em>,"</em> says Associate Professor Kasper Thorup from the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at the University of Copenhagen.<br />
<strong>Delayed breeding </strong><br />
The birds' late arrival in 2011 also meant a similarly late breeding year.<br />
"There are no signs of implications on the birds' breeding success
and thereby the size of the population. But it is possible that we
haven't yet seen the full effect of the delayed year," concludes Anders
Tøttrup.<br />
The research was carried out in collaboration with Lund University in Sweden.<br />
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<strong>Story Source:</strong><br />
The above story is reprinted from <a href="http://news.ku.dk/all_news/2012/2012.12/drought-in-the-horn-of-africa-delays-migrating-birds/" target="_blank">materials</a> provided by <a class="blue" href="http://www.ku.dk/" target="_blank"><strong><span id="source">University of Copenhagen</span></strong></a>. <div class="blogger-post-footer">Besteen lumaz. Itsas Enarak berbanatutako sarrera.</div>Itsas Enara Ornitologia Elkarteahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03252091202838854674noreply@blogger.com0